“…[14,24,26] The underlying mechanism of PEA is thought to involve the alleviation of adhesions or compression, which may mechanically hider the direct spread of drugs to the target site. [6,7,10,14,16,17,23,25–27] Therefore, PEA may be effective in pain reduction and functional improvements in patients with chronic low back pain resulting from L-HIVD. [3,6,7,14,24–27] Generally, PEA is performed by a caudal or transforaminal approach.…”