Intestinal bacterial overgrowth in the early stage of severe acute pancreatitis is associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome

Abstract

BACKGROUND In the early stage of acute pancreatitis (AP), a large number of cytokines induced by local pancreatic inflammation seriously damage the intestinal barrier function, and intestinal bacteria and endotoxins enter the blood, causing inflammatory storm, resulting in multiple organ failure, infectious complications, and other disorders, eventually leading to death. Intestinal failure occurs early in the course of AP, accelerating its development. As an alternative method to detect small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, the hydrogen breath test is safe, noninvasive, and convenient, reflecting the number of intestinal bacteria in AP indirectly. This study aimed to investigate the changes in intestinal bacteria measured using the hydrogen breath test in the early stage of AP to clarify the relationship between intestinal bacteria and acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Early clinical intervention and maintenance of intestinal barrier function would be highly beneficial in controlling the development of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). AIM To analyze the relationship between intestinal bacteria change and ALI/ARDS in the early stage of SAP. METHODS A total of 149 patients with AP admitted to the intensive care unit of the Digestive Department, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University from 2016 to 2019 were finally enrolled, following compliance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results of the hydrogen breath test within 1 wk of admission were collected, and the hydrogen production rates at admission, 72 h, and 96 h were calculated. The higher the hydrogen production rates the more bacteria in the small intestine. First, according to the improved Marshall scoring system in the 2012 Atlanta Consensus on New Standards for Classification of Acute Pancreatitis, 66 patients with a PaO 2 /FiO 2 score ≤ 1 were included in the mild AP (MAP) group, 18 patients with a PaO 2 /FiO 2 score ≥ 2 and duration < 48 h were included in the moderately SAP (MSAP) group, and 65 patients with a PaO 2 /FiO 2 score ≥ 2 and duration > 48 h were included in the SAP group, to analyze the correlation between intestinal bacterial overgrowth and organ failure in AP. Second, ALI (PaO 2 /FiO 2 = 2) and ARDS (PaO 2 /FiO 2 > 2) were defined according to the simplified diagnostic criteria proposed by the 1994 European Union Conference. The MSAP group was divided into two groups according to the PaO 2 /FiO 2 score: 15 patients with PaO 2 /FiO 2 score = 2 were included in group A, and three patients with score > 2 were included in group B. Similarly, the S...

Clostridium butyricum Protects Against Pancreatic and Intestinal Injury After Severe Acute Pancreatitis via Downregulation of MMP9

“…SAP is the most serious subtype of AP with a high morbidity and mortality rate ( Zerem, 2014 ). During the AP, excessive inflammatory cytokines were released into the bloodstream ( Liang et al, 2021 ). These released cytokines induced the injury in intestinal barrier and intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and gut bacterial translocation ( Liang et al, 2021 ).…”

“…During the AP, excessive inflammatory cytokines were released into the bloodstream ( Liang et al, 2021 ). These released cytokines induced the injury in intestinal barrier and intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and gut bacterial translocation ( Liang et al, 2021 ). Once gut bacteria pass through the intestinal wall and enter the blood, it can affect multiple organs of the human body ( Cen et al, 2018 ; Liang et al, 2021 ).…”

“…These released cytokines induced the injury in intestinal barrier and intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and gut bacterial translocation ( Liang et al, 2021 ). Once gut bacteria pass through the intestinal wall and enter the blood, it can affect multiple organs of the human body ( Cen et al, 2018 ; Liang et al, 2021 ). A previous study showed that gut bacterial translocation is a key process for aggravating AP ( Jia et al, 2020 ).…”

The role of artificial neural networks in prediction of severe acute pancreatitis associated acute respiratory distress syndrome

“…This is because patients with SAP are prone to increase intestinal permeability [35], which leads to the translocation of conditionally pathogenic bacteria from the intestine [36]. Besides, intestinal barrier damage caused by a large number of cytokines is the source of gut-derived infection, which is correlated with ARDS [37,38]. It partly explained why PCT, as an indicator of response to infection, is considered important in the ANNs model.…”

Intestinal Microbiota - An Unmissable Bridge to Severe Acute Pancreatitis-Associated Acute Lung Injury

“…are the reported reasons for the pathological process of SAP-associated lung injury (PALI) ( 6 ). However, the pathogenesis of PALI has not been fully elucidated to date, partly attributed to the lack of effective treatment strategies as well as a longer treatment cycle, unsatisfying prognosis, and economic burden of the disease ( 7 , 8 ).…”