Intestinal barrier disorders and metabolic endotoxemia in obesity: Current knowledge

Abstract

The World Health Organization reports that the prevalent problem of excessive weight and obesity currently affects about 1.9 billion people worldwide and is the fifth most common death factor among patients. In view of the growing number of patients with obesity, attention is drawn to the insufficient effectiveness of behavioral treatment methods. In addition to genetic and environmental factors leading to the consumption of excess energy in the diet and the accumulation of adipose tissue, attention is paid to the role of intestinal microbiota in maintaining a normal body weight. Dysbiosis – a disorder in the composition of the gut microbiota – is mentioned as one of the contributing factors to the development of metabolic diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders. The human gastrointestinal tract is colonized largely by a group of Gram-negative bacteria that are indicated to be a source of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), associated with inducing systemic inflammation and endotoxemia. Research suggests that disturbances in the gut microbiota, leading to damage to the intestinal barrier and an increase in circulating LPS, are implicated in obesity and other metabolic disorders. Plasma LPS and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) levels have been shown to be elevated in individuals with excess body weight. Bariatric surgery has become a popular treatment option, leading to stable weight loss and an improvement in obesity-related conditions. The aim of this study was to characterize the factors that promote the induction of metabolic endotoxemia and its associated health consequences, along with the presentation of their changes after bariatric surgery.

Effects of altering the ratio of C16:0 and cis-9 C18:1 in rumen bypass fat on growth performance, lipid metabolism, intestinal barrier, cecal microbiota, and inflammation in fattening bulls

“…A high-fat diet facilitates the colonization of Gram-negative bacteria in the gut [ 62 ]. In particular, SFA increased the abundance of Proteobacteria (Gram-negative staining) in the gut, as discussed above [ 63 ].…”

Product of metabolic activity of intestinal microbium trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) — biomarker of progression of atherosclerosis-copy in the heart of the heart

“…Дієта з високим умістом жиру призводить до розвитку дисбіозу, зокрема до зниження біфідобактерій і лактобактерій та збільшення грамнегативних бактерій. Проникнення ЛПС через кишковий бар'єр зумовлює виникнення метаболічної ендотоксемії та сприяє запаленню й розвитку ІР [27,28]. Проте механізми, що визначають контроль над цир кулюючим ТМАО, зараз недостатньо вивчені.…”