Intestinal carriage of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella among household members of children with Salmonella bloodstream infection, Kisangani, DR Congo

Falay, Dadi; Hardy, Liselotte; Bonebe, Edmonde; Mattheus, Wesley; Ngbonda, Dauly; Lunguya, Octavie; Jacobs, Jan

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1241961

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…There exist at least 150 serotypes of Salmonella that can cause salmonellosis or nontyphoidal enterocolitis, with the most prevalent serotypes being S. Typhimurium and S. enterica ( Falay et al ., 2023 ). Transmission is usually caused by eating or drinking water tainted with animal excrement rather than human excrement ( Teklemariam et al ., 2023 ).…”

Section: Nomenclaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Tackling salmonellosis: A comprehensive exploration of risks factors, impacts, and solutions

Ayuti,

Khairullah,

Arif

et al. 2024

Open Vet J

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Salmonellosis, caused by Salmonella species, is one of the most common foodborne illnesses worldwide with an estimated 93.8 million cases and about 155,00 fatalities. In both industrialized and developing nations, Salmonellosis has been reported to be one of the most prevalent foodborne zoonoses and is linked with arrays of illness syndromes such as acute and chronic enteritis, and septicaemia. The two major and most common Salmonella species implicated in both warm-blooded and cold-blooded animals are Salmonella bongori and Salmonella enterica. To date, more than 2400 S. enterica serovars which affect both humans and animals have been identified. Salmonella is further classified into serotypes based on three primary antigenic determinants: somatic (O), flagella (H), and capsular (K). The capacity of nearly all Salmonella species to infect, multiply, and survive in human host cells with the aid of their pathogenic and virulence arsenals makes them deadly and important public health pathogens. Primarily, food-producing animals such as poultry, swine, cattle, and their products have been identified as important sources of salmonellosis. Additionally, raw fruits and vegetables are among other food types that have been linked to the spread of Salmonella spp. Based on the clinical manifestation of human salmonellosis, Salmonella strains can be categorized as either non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) and typhoidal Salmonella. The detection of aseptically collected Salmonella in necropsies, environmental samples, feedstuffs, rectal swabs, and food products serves as the basis for diagnosis. In developing nations, typhoid fever due to Salmonella Typhi typically results in the death of 5% to 30% of those affected. The World Health Organization (WHO) calculated that there are between 16 and 17 million typhoid cases worldwide each year, with scaring 600,000 deaths as a result. The contagiousness of a Salmonella outbreak depends on the bacterial strain, serovar, growth environment, and host susceptibility. Risk factors for Salmonella infection include a variety of foods; for example, contaminated chicken, beef and pork. Globally, there is a growing incidence and emergence of life-threatening clinical cases, especially due to multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella spp, including strains exhibiting resistance to important antimicrobials such as beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and third generation cephalosporins. In extreme cases, especially in situations involving very difficult-to-treat strains, death usually results. The severity of the infections resulting from Salmonella pathogens is dependent on the serovar type, host susceptibility, the type of bacterial strains, and growth environment. This review therefore aims to detail the nomenclature, etiology, history, pathogenesis, reservoir, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, epidemiology, transmission, risk factors, antimicrobial resistance, public health importance, economic impact, treatment, and control of salmonellosis.

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Section: Nomenclaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Tackling salmonellosis: A comprehensive exploration of risks factors, impacts, and solutions

Ayuti,

Khairullah,

Arif

et al. 2024

Open Vet J

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“…Most of these isolates were genetically similar to Typhimurium and Enteritidis isolates obtained from blood cultures in Kisantu Hospital. Furthermore, previous studies (Burkina Faso, DRC) showed among nontyphoidal Salmonella a tendency toward household clustering (Im et al, 2016;Post et al, 2019;Falay et al, 2023). We hypothesized that sampling a larger community closer to Kisantu Hospital would allow for a better study of the concordance between blood and stool culture iNTS isolates and their occurrence in households.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella from stool samples of healthy human carriers are genetically similar to blood culture isolates: a report from the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Mbuyi-Kalonji,

Hardy,

Mbuyamba

et al. 2023

Front. Microbiol.

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Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) (serotypes Typhimurium and Enteritidis) are major causes of bloodstream infections in sub-Saharan Africa, but their reservoir is unknown. Aiming to demonstrate human carriers as a reservoir, we assessed an iNTS disease endemic rural community (Kikonka health area, Democratic Republic of the Congo) for intestinal carriage of iNTS. After a census, healthy subjects from randomly selected households provided three successive stool samples for Salmonella culture. We next compared the stool isolates for genetic relatedness with time and health area-matched blood culture isolates obtained from hospitalized patients by multiple locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) and performed whole genome sequencing (WGS) on a subset of stool and blood isolates. Among 2,354 eligible subjects, 2,234 (94.9%) consented and provided at least one stool sample, and 2,219 (94.3%) provided three stool samples. The cumulative proportion of Salmonella carriers after 3 days was 4.4% (n = 98). S. Typhimurium and Enteritidis were found in 26 and 3 carriers, respectively, representing 1.3% (29 out of 2,234) of participants living in 6.0% (26 out of 482) of households. MLVA types of all 26 S. Typhimurium stool isolates matched with the corresponding MLVA types of blood isolates. The MLVA type of one out of three Enteritidis stool isolates matched the single MLVA type of the five Enteritidis blood isolates. WGS analysis of S. Typhimurium (n = 20) and S. Enteritidis (n = 4) isolates revealed Typhimurium multilocus sequence type (ST)313 Lineage 2 and Enteritidis ST11 Central/Eastern African and Outlier clades and confirmed the MLVA clustering. More than three-quarters of Typhimurium isolates showed combined multidrug resistance, ceftriaxone resistance, and fluoroquinolone non-susceptibility. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated iNTS carriage among healthy community members, with stool isolates that were genetically similar to blood culture isolates obtained in patients from the same community. These findings contribute to the evidence of a human reservoir of iNTS.

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A temporary cholesterol-rich diet and bacterial extracellular matrix factors favor Salmonella spp. biofilm formation in the cecum

Cruz-Cruz,

Schreeg,

Gunn

2024

mBio

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Asymptomatic chronic carriers occur in approximately 5% of humans infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi ( S . Typhi) and represent a critical reservoir for bacterial dissemination. While chronic carriage primarily occurs in the gallbladder (GB) through biofilms on gallstones, additional anatomic sites have been suggested that could also harbor Salmonella. S . Typhimurium, orally infected 129 × 1/SvJ mice were pre-treated with a cholesterol-rich diet as a gallstone model for chronic carriage. We observed S . Typhimurium in feces and the cecum during early and persistent infection. Furthermore, bacterial biofilm-like aggregates were associated with the cecum epithelium at 7 and 21 days post-infection (DPI) in mice on a lithogenic diet (Ld) and correlated with an increase in cecal cholesterol at 21 DPI. Salmonella ’s extracellular matrix (ECM) was demonstrated as important in colonizing the cecum, as survival and aggregate formation significantly decreased when mice were infected with a quadruple ECM mutant strain. Gallbladder Salmonella counts were low at 36 DPI while cecal Salmonella were high, suggesting that gallbladder colonization was likely not responsible for the high cecal burden. All cecum phenotypes were significantly diminished in mice fed a normal diet (Nd). Finally, we examined the capability of S . Typhi to colonize the cecum and showed S . Typhi in feces and in aggregates in the cecum up to 7 DPI, with slightly higher counts in mice fed a Ld compared to Nd. Our findings suggest that the cecum, particularly under cholesterol-rich conditions, serves as an adaptative niche for Salmonella spp. aggregates/biofilms and is a putative site for long-term infection. IMPORTANCE Typhoid fever is a systemic infectious disease triggered by the gastrointestinal dissemination of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi in humans. Three to five percent of infected individuals become chronic carriers, a state in which gallstone biofilm formation facilitates spread of the bacteria in feces. Notably, surgical removal of the gallbladder (GB) in some chronic carriers (22%) does not guarantee the elimination of the bacteria, and the rationale for this remains poorly understood. This study is significant as it explores other tissues associated with the chronic carrier state. It highlights not only a cholesterol-rich diet as an important etiological factor for Salmonella colonization but also identifies the cecum as a crucial tissue promoting fecal shedding. Additionally, we determined that biofilm matrix components of Salmonella are key factors contributing to these effects. A greater understanding of these mechanisms will allow the formulation of new therapeutic strategies specifically targeted at preventing typhoid fever dissemination from chronic carriers.

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Intestinal carriage of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella among household members of children with Salmonella bloodstream infection, Kisangani, DR Congo

Cited by 4 publications

References 34 publications

Tackling salmonellosis: A comprehensive exploration of risks factors, impacts, and solutions

Tackling salmonellosis: A comprehensive exploration of risks factors, impacts, and solutions

Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella from stool samples of healthy human carriers are genetically similar to blood culture isolates: a report from the Democratic Republic of the Congo

A temporary cholesterol-rich diet and bacterial extracellular matrix factors favor Salmonella spp. biofilm formation in the cecum

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