Intestinal Helminths of Wild Bonobos in Forest-Savanna Mosaic: Risk Assessment of Cross-Species Transmission with Local People in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Narat, Victor; Guillot, Jacques; Pennec, Flora; Lafosse, Sophie; Grüner, Anne Charlotte; Simmen, Bruno; Ngawolo, Jean Christophe Bokika; Krief, Sabrina

doi:10.1007/s10393-015-1058-8

Cited by 20 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…On the contrary, eight strongylid genera were detected in chimpanzees and gorillas. Oesophagostomum stephanostomum , a common species found in great apes across African (e.g., Cibot et al, ; Ghai, Chapman, et al, ; Krief et al, ; Narat et al, ; Ota et al, ), represented the most abundant strongylid and showed close to 100% prevalence (e.g., OTUs 2, 6, 9). Other taxa found in considerable prevalence in gorillas and chimpanzees but absent in humans included Libyostrongylus (rather Paralibyostrongylus ), Ternidens deminutus , and two unassigned strongylid genera.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic diversity of primate strongylid nematodes: Do sympatric nonhuman primates and humans share their strongylid worms?

et al. 2019

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The close phylogenetic relationship between humans and nonhuman primates (NHPs) can result in a high potential for pathogen exchange. In recent decades, NHP and human interactions have become more frequent due to increasing habitat encroachment and ecotourism. Strongylid communities, which include members of several genera, are typically found in NHPs. Using optimized high‐throughput sequencing for strain‐level identification of primate strongylids, we studied the structure of strongylid communities in NHPs and humans co‐habiting a tropical forest ecosystem in the Central African Republic. General taxonomic assignment of 85 ITS‐2 haplotypes indicated that the studied primates harbour at least nine genera of strongylid nematodes, with Oesophagostomum and Necator being the most prevalent. We detected both host‐specific and shared strongylid haplotypes. Skin‐penetrating Necator gorillaehaplotypes were shared between humans and gorillas but Necator americanus were much more restricted to humans. Strongylid communities of local hunter‐gatherers employed as trackers were more similar to those of gorillas compared to their relatives, who spent more time in villages. This was due to lower abundance of human‐origin N. americanus in both gorillas and trackers. Habituated gorillas or those under habituation did not show larger overlap of strongylids with humans compared to unhabituated. We concluded that the occurrence of the human‐specific strongylids in gorillas does not increase with direct contact between gorillas and humans due to the habituation. Overall, our results indicate that the degree of habitat sharing between hosts, together with mode of parasite transmission, are important factors for parasite spillover among primates.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic diversity of primate strongylid nematodes: Do sympatric nonhuman primates and humans share their strongylid worms?

et al. 2019

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“…The former has been reported to infect chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, Huffman et al, 1996;Huffman, Gotoh, Turner, Hamai, & Yoshida, 1997, Krief et al, 2010, Kooriyama et al, 2013 and gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla, Makouloutou et al, 2014) in the wild, but also humans in areas where humans, chimpanzees and other nonhuman primates live sympatrically (Cibot et al, 2015;Ota et al, 2015). However, O. stephanostomum has not been detected in humans living in close proximity to gorillas in Gabon (Makouloutou et al, 2014) or bonobos (Pan paniscus) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Narat et al, 2015), Gasser et al (1999) leading some to suggest that strains with differential capacities to infect humans may exist (Ota et al, 2015). O. aculeatum, on the other hand, is the least studied of these nodule worms, with most records of infection coming from macaques in Asia (Japanese macaques [M. fuscata]: Hashimoto & Honjo, 1966, Arizono, Yamada, Tegoshi, & Onishi, 2012, MacIntosh, 2014.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular characterization of nodule worm in a community of Bornean primates

Frías

Stark

Lynn

et al. 2019

Ecology and Evolution

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Strongyles are commonly reported parasites in studies of primate parasite biodiversity. Among them, nodule worm species are often overlooked as a serious concern despite having been observed to cause serious disease in nonhuman primates and humans. In this study, we investigated whether strongyles found in Bornean primates are the nodule worm Oesophagostomum spp., and to what extent these parasites are shared among members of the community. To test this, we propose two hypotheses that use the parasite genetic structure to infer transmission processes within the community. In the first scenario, the absence of parasite genetic substructuring would reflect high levels of parasite transmission among primate hosts, as primates’ home ranges overlap in the study area. In the second scenario, the presence of parasite substructuring would suggest cryptic diversity within the parasite genus and the existence of phylogenetic barriers to cross‐species transmission. By using molecular markers, we identify strongyles infecting this primate community as O. aculeatum , the only species of nodule worm currently known to infect Asian nonhuman primates. Furthermore, the little to no genetic substructuring supports a scenario with no phylogenetic barriers to transmission and where host movements across the landscape would enable gene flow between host populations. This work shows that the parasite's high adaptability could act as a buffer against local parasite extinctions. Surveys targeting human populations living in close proximity to nonhuman primates could help clarify whether this species of nodule worm presents the zoonotic potential found in the other two species infecting African nonhuman primates.

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“…One study in the Sebitoli area of Kibale National Park, Uganda, found that people and NHPs shared certain intestinal parasites (Oesophagostomum bifurcum and O. stephanostomum), likely facilitated by chimpanzee crop raiding of maize and their lack of avoidance of human beings (Cibot et al 2015;Krief et al 2014;Bortolamiol et al 2014). But Narat et al (2015), investigating a forest-savanna mosaic in a DRC community-based conservation area with high spatial overlap of human and bonobo (Pan paniscus) activity, found no shared intestinal helminths between these two populations. Without careful attention to the type and timing of human-NHP interaction or the types of pathogens shared, spatial overlap may not always effectively predict pathogenic transmission risk.…”

Section: Another Approach To Contact: Spatial Overlaps and Proximitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rethinking Human–Nonhuman Primate Contact and Pathogenic Disease Spillover

et al. 2017

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Zoonotic transmissions are a major global health risk, and human-animal contact is frequently raised as an important driver of transmission. A literature examining zooanthroponosis largely agrees that more human-animal contact leads to more risk. Yet the basis of this proposition, the term contact, has not been rigorously analyzed. To understand how contact is used to explain cross-species spillovers, we conducted a multi-disciplinary review of studies addressing human-nonhuman primate (NHP) engagements and pathogenic transmissions and employing the term contact. We find that although contact is frequently invoked, it is employed inconsistently and imprecisely across these studies, overlooking the range of pathogens and their transmission routes and directions. We also examine a related but more expansive approach focusing on human and NHP habitats and their spatial overlap, which can potentially facilitate pathogenic transmission. Contact and spatial overlap investigations cannot, however, explain the processes that bring together people, animals and pathogens. We therefore examine another approach that enhances our understanding of zoonotic spillovers: anthropological studies identifying such historical, social, environmental processes. Comparable to a One Health approach, our ongoing research in Cameroon draws contact, spatial overlap and anthropological-historical approaches into dialog to suggest where, when and how pathogenic transmissions between people and NHPs may occur. In conclusion, we call for zoonotic disease researchers to specify more precisely the human-animal contacts they investigate and to attend to how broader ecologies, societies and histories shape pathogen-human-animal interactions.

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Intestinal Helminths of Wild Bonobos in Forest-Savanna Mosaic: Risk Assessment of Cross-Species Transmission with Local People in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Cited by 20 publications

References 53 publications

Genetic diversity of primate strongylid nematodes: Do sympatric nonhuman primates and humans share their strongylid worms?

Genetic diversity of primate strongylid nematodes: Do sympatric nonhuman primates and humans share their strongylid worms?

Molecular characterization of nodule worm in a community of Bornean primates

Rethinking Human–Nonhuman Primate Contact and Pathogenic Disease Spillover

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