Intestinal Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Bacteria Mitigate Bovine Leukemia Virus Infection in Experimentally Infected Sheep

Abstract

Ruminants often carry gastrointestinal Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC).

Interaction of Ricin and Shiga Toxins with Ribosomes

“…Stx1 can kill human melanoma cells (Cheung et al 2010) and can remove contaminated tumor cells in stem cell graft (LaCasse et al 1999). Stx1 has antiviral activity (Ferens et al 2007, 2006; Ferens and Hovde 2007, 2000), as has been reported for PAP and TCS (Parikh and Tumer 2004). In contrast, RTA is not antiviral even though it has the same enzymatic activity as the antiviral RIPs (Parikh and Tumer 2004).…”

Attempts to Express the A1-GMCSF Immunotoxin in the Baculovirus Expression Vector System

“…23,24) Even cytosolic expression of the DT-A fragment mediated by a baculovirus gene therapy vector inhibited the proliferation of malignant glioma cells. 25) Furthermore, the A1 fragment has been found to exert antiviral effects on various ruminant viruses such as bovine leukemia virus (BLV), bovine retroviruses, and bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV), [26][27][28][29] similarly to its inhibitory effects on baculoviruses, observed in the present study. Therefore, considering the strong cytotoxic and antiviral effects of the A1 fragment when it is expressed cytosolically, it appears that this bacterial toxin can be used in gene and antiviral therapy applications.…”

Mechanisms of leukemogenesis induced by bovine leukemia virus: prospects for novel anti-retroviral therapies in human

“…Phylogenetic comparisons of different strains, using the pol gene as a reference, indicate that BLV and primate T-lymphotropic viruses (PTLV) sequences differ by 42 % [64]; thus BLV forms a distinct clade amongst retroviruses. Within the BLV subgroup, the sequence divergence was below 6% in pol and env indicating a high degree of conservation among different geographical strains [24,25,65-67]. Although the reasons are unknown, this genomic stability might result from a higher fidelity of reverse transcription or from strict replication constraints.…”