“…The study is important as it supports the work of Gonzalez-Guarda et al (2011), who found that many women who experienced sexual abuse by a partner described being forced to have sex with their spouses because of their gender roles. Much like in other studies, participants also experienced manipulation, verbal threats, control, and harassment (Ahrens et al, 2010;Espinoza et al, 2022b;Thomas et al, 2019). Violence reported is in line with Rodriguez et al (2015), who note that perpetrators experienced a loss of threat to their masculinity which serves to enact violence to maintain control in the relationship.…”