The cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 appear to be responsible for virtually all hereditary breast ovarian families, and a smaller subset of hereditary sitespecific breast cancer families. Fortunately, effective strategies have been developed to reduce the risk for the development of breast and ovarian cancer in women with BRCA1/2 mutations, making genetic testing for these mutations an important part of the management at women with a strong family history of these diseases. Here, we review the current evidence for risk reduction strategies and outline future research directions. Oncogene (2006) 25, 5825-5831. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1209881Keywords: BRCA1; BRCA2; oophorectomy; breast cancer; ovarian cancer; management
Management of ovarian cancer risk
Prophylactic oophorectomyThe lifetime risk of ovarian cancer for women with BRCA1 mutations is estimated at 40-50% (Ford et al., 1994;Antoniou et al., 2003;King et al., 2003) and in those with BRCA2 mutations, at 10-20% (1999;Antoniou et al., 2003;King et al., 2003). We and others have shown conclusively that prophylactic oophorectomy (PO) in women with BRCA1/2 mutations reduces the risk of ovarian cancer by approximately 90% (Kauff et al., 2002;Rebbeck et al., 2002;Rutter et al., 2003;Domchek et al., 2006). Data with short-term follow-up also suggests that oophorectomy is associated with an improvement in breast cancer-specific survival, ovarian cancer-specific survival and overall survival (Domchek et al., 2006) (Figure 1). Table 1 reports the details of studies examining PO in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Rebbeck et al. (2002) examined 551 women from 11 centers in North America and Europe who either did (n ¼ 259) or did not (n ¼ 292) undergo PO, with a mean follow-up of over 8 years in each group. Eight PO subjects (3.1%) were diagnosed with ovarian cancer or primary peritoneal cancer at or following PO compared with 58 controls (19.9%). Six of the eight PO subjects diagnosed with ovarian cancer were diagnosed at the time of PO, all of which were stage I. After excluding these six cases, only two women (both with BRCA1 mutations) who underwent PO subsequently developed primary peritoneal cancer. Compared with women who did not undergo PO, the occurrence of post-PO ovarian cancer corresponded to a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.04 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.01-0.16). In addition to this striking reduction in the risk of ovarian cancer, an approximately 50% breast cancer risk reduction after PO was also observed (HR ¼ 0.47; 95% CI: 0.29-0.77). In an another study with similar results, Kauff et al. (2002) identified 170 women with BRCA1/2 mutations who had not previously undergone PO, who then chose to either undergo ovarian cancer surveillance or undergo PO. During a mean follow-up of 24.2 months, ovarian cancer or primary peritoneal carcinoma was diagnosed in one of 98 women who chose to undergo PO compared to five ovarian or peritoneal cancers in the 72 women who chose surveillance. This risk reduction corresponded to a HR of 0.15 (95% CI: 0.02-1.31).Finally, ...