Intra‐ and Interrater Reliability of Infrared Image Analysis of Facial Acupoints in Individuals with Facial Paralysis

Liu, Xulong; Feng, Jinghui; Luan, Jingmin; Dong, Chunming; Fu, Hefei; Wu, Zhenying

doi:10.1155/2020/9079037

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The facial thermal images of a healthy person and a patient with facial paralysis were compared using different pseudo-color methods presented in Figure 5 . Due to the distribution of blood vessels on the human face, both patients with facial paralysis and normal people have the facial thermal characteristics of high temperature in the middle and low temperature on both sides, which is consistent with the research findings of Guan [ 47 ] and Liu et al [ 14 , 36 ]. In addition, facial paralysis destroys the symmetry of temperature distribution between the left and right sides of the face.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Based on previous studies [ 14 ] and the symptoms of facial paralysis, this study divided facial thermal images into 10 ROIs that were distributed in pairs on the left and right sides on the face, as shown in Figure 2 . Automatic segmentation of facial ROIs is helpful to improve the reliability of thermal asymmetry analysis [ 36 ]. Some studies [ 37 ] used edge detection, active appearance model (AAM), or cascaded shape regression (CSR) to automatically locate key points on facial thermal images.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Facial Paralysis Detection in Infrared Thermal Images Using Asymmetry Analysis of Temperature and Texture Features

2021

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Facial temperature distribution in healthy people shows contralateral symmetry, which is generally disrupted by facial paralysis. This study aims to develop a quantitative thermal asymmetry analysis method for early diagnosis of facial paralysis in infrared thermal images. First, to improve the reliability of thermal image analysis, the facial regions of interest (ROIs) were segmented using corner and edge detection. A new temperature feature was then defined using the maximum and minimum temperature, and it was combined with the texture feature to represent temperature distribution of facial ROIs. Finally, Minkowski distance was used to measure feature symmetry of bilateral ROIs. The feature symmetry vectors were input into support vector machine to evaluate the degree of facial thermal symmetry. The results showed that there were significant differences in thermal symmetry between patients with facial paralysis and healthy people. The accuracy of the proposed method for early diagnosis of facial paralysis was 0.933, and the area under the ROC curve was 0.947. In conclusion, temperature and texture features can effectively quantify thermal asymmetry caused by facial paralysis, and the application of machine learning in early detection of facial paralysis in thermal images is feasible.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facial Paralysis Detection in Infrared Thermal Images Using Asymmetry Analysis of Temperature and Texture Features

2021

Self Cite

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“…[ 24 ] Infrared thermography is widely used in studies of meridians in acupuncture as well as in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in Chinese medicine. [ 25 26 27 28 ] People with warm temperaments have more peripheral sympathetic nervous system activity and less parasympathetic nervous system activity than cold ones. [ 29 ] According to traditional PM, individuals with a cold temperament usually feel colder than others and tolerate heat better than cold; their fingers and limbs are usually cold.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal image-based temperament classification by genetic algorithm and adaboost classifier

Ghods

Nafisi

2022

J Med Signals Sens

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Background: Temperament ( Mizaj ) determination is an important stage of diagnosis in Persian Medicine. This study aimed to evaluate thermal imaging as a reliable tool that can be used instead of subjective assessments. Methods: The temperament of 34 participants was assessed by a PM specialist using standardized Mojahedi Mizaj Questionnaire (MMQ) and thermal images of the wrist in the supine position, the back of the hand, and their whole face under supervision of the physician were recorded. Thirteen thermal features were extracted and a classifying algorithm was designed based on the genetic algorithm and Adaboost classifier in reference to the temperament questionnaire. Results: The results showed that the mean temperature and temperature variations in the thermal images were relatively consistent with the results of MMQ. Among the three body regions, the results related to the image from Malmas were most consistent with MMQ. By selecting six of the 13 features that had the most impact on the classification, the accuracy of 94.7 ± 13.0, sensitivity of 95.7 ± 11.3, and specificity of 98.2 ± 4.2 were obtained. Conclusions: The thermal imaging was relatively consistent with standardized MMQ and can be used as a reliable tool for evaluating warm/cold temperament. However, the results reveal that thermal imaging features may not be only main features for temperament classification and for more reliable classification, it needs to add some different features such as wrist pulse features and some subjective characteristics.

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“…Acupuncture treatment combined with FP rehabilitation training serve as a routine method of FP treatment in the acupuncture department, but the mechanism of acupuncture treatment has not been fully cleared, and the lack of objective dynamic index evaluation has led to the inability to demonstrate the acupuncture effect in real-time and efficacy in FP clinical research. [ 19 , 20 ] LASCA uses the backward dynamic speckle contrast value generated by the movement of red blood cells in blood vessels to obtain blood flow velocity information, it has the technical characteristics of visualization, nondestructive, real-time, and high precision, and it is also a good indicator for monitoring the superficial microcirculation of the skin. Thus, this project is to conduct related research on the acupuncture mechanism of FP to assist in the diagnosis and treatment of FP based on LASCA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The research for the function evaluation of facial nerve and the mechanisms of rehabilitation training

Han

Gou

et al. 2021

Medicine

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Background: Peripheral facial paralysis (PFP) is a common peripheral neural disease. Acupuncture treatment combined with PFP rehabilitation exercises is a routine method of PFP treatment. This article is to provide a new visual and objective evaluation method for exploring the mechanism and efficacy of acupuncture treatment on PFP, and develop an interactive augmented facial nerve function rehabilitation training system with multiple training models. Methods: This prospective and observational trial will recruit 200 eligible participants for the following study. In the trial, the laser speckle contrast analysis (LASCA) technology will be applied to monitor the microcirculation of facial blood flow during acupuncture, and real-time monitoring algorithms, data sampling, and digital imaging methods will be conducted by machine learning and image segmentation. Then, a database of patient facial expressions will be built, the correlation between surface blood flow perfusion volume and facial structure symmetry will be analyzed, combined with scale assessment and electrophysiological detection. In addition, we will also explore the objectivity and effectiveness of LASCA in the evaluation of facial paralysis (FP), and the changes in blood flow microcirculation before and after acupuncture treatment will be analyzed. Results: The standard image of the facial target area with facial nerve injury will be manually segmented by the convolutional neural network method. The blood flow images of the eyelid, cheek, and mandible of the patients’ affected and healthy side will be compared and evaluated. Laser speckle blood flow symmetry Pr and its changes in FP condition evolution and prognosis outcome will be measured, and relevant characteristic signals values will be extracted. Finally, COX regression analysis method is conducted to establish a higher accuracy prediction model of FP with cross-validation based on laser speckle blood flow imaging technology. Conclusions: We use modern interdisciplinary high-tech technologies to explore the mechanism of acupuncture rehabilitation training in PFP. And we will provide evidence for the feasibility of using the LASCA technique as a typing diagnosis of FP in the acupuncture rehabilitation treatment of PFP. Registration number: ChiCTR1800019463

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Intra‐ and Interrater Reliability of Infrared Image Analysis of Facial Acupoints in Individuals with Facial Paralysis

Cited by 9 publications

References 24 publications

Facial Paralysis Detection in Infrared Thermal Images Using Asymmetry Analysis of Temperature and Texture Features

Facial Paralysis Detection in Infrared Thermal Images Using Asymmetry Analysis of Temperature and Texture Features

Thermal image-based temperament classification by genetic algorithm and adaboost classifier

The research for the function evaluation of facial nerve and the mechanisms of rehabilitation training

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