Intra-articular biomaterials-assisted delivery to treat temporomandibular joint disorders

Abstract

The temporomandibular joint disorder, also known as myofascial pain syndrome, is considered one of the prevalent chronic pain diseases caused by muscle inflammation and cartilage degradation in head and neck, and thus influences even biopsychosocial conditions in a lifetime. There are several current treatment methodologies relieving inflammation and preventing degradation of the joint complex. One of the promising non-surgical treatment methods is an intra-articular injection of drugs such as corticosteroids, analgesics, and anti-depressants. However, the side effects of drugs due to frequent injections and over-doses, including dizziness, dry mouth, and possible drug dependency are considered limitations. Thus, the delivery of therapeutic molecules through the use of nano/microparticles is currently considered as a promising strategy primarily due to the controlled release. This review highlights the nano/microparticle systems for effective intra-articular therapeutics delivery to prevent cartilage degradation and protect subchondral bone in a temporomandibular joint.

Nanotherapy in Joints: Increasing Endogenous Hyaluronan Production by Delivering Hyaluronan Synthase 2

“…[17] Selectively increasing the amount/activity of HAS2 in synoviocytes for certain period under OA condition provides a new strategy to promote endogenous HA production and restore the normal functions of synovial fluid. [19,20] Directly delivering active form of HAS2 to the synoviocytes of target joints would be a safer approach for OA management and the transient action of delivered HAS2 reduces the potential risks. [19,20] Directly delivering active form of HAS2 to the synoviocytes of target joints would be a safer approach for OA management and the transient action of delivered HAS2 reduces the potential risks.…”

“…Transferring of gene encoding HAS2 with viral vectors into synoviocytes could promote the production of HAS2, [18] but insertion of external genes may have potential safety issues. [19,20] Directly delivering active form of HAS2 to the synoviocytes of target joints would be a safer approach for OA management and the transient action of delivered HAS2 reduces the potential risks. However, the intrinsic properties of HAS2 as a protein, such as large sizes, fragile tertiary structures, and cell membrane impermeability, make it a big challenge to be delivered into targeted synovial cells in vivo.…”

Nonsurgical Strategies for the Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders

“…Current clinical therapies using intraarticular injections are effective in pain relief at an early stage of disease but fail to alleviate chronic pain. Furthermore, minimally invasive strategies are now used in regenerative medicine for treatment of TMD, to deliver cells and stem cells, nano-or microbiomaterials, carriers of drugs with controlled release [39][40][41]. Actually, it is also of interest the delivery of therapeutic molecules through the use of nanoparticles-(NP-BDS) and microparticles-(MP-BDS) based delivery system that can release therapeutic molecules in a controlled or sustained manner and target specific cells (chondrocytes and synoviocytes).…”

“…NP-BDS are solid or colloidal particles with sizes ranging from tens to hundreds of nanometers, which are endocyted and enter into the cytoplasm cells where they release small-sized biomolecules intracellularly [40,41].…”

Targeting with nanoparticles for the therapeutic treatment of brain diseases

“…Among others, nanoparticle (NP)-mediated drug delivery has been considered promising because the NP can be tailored to target the receptors expressed on cells while incorporating and releasing the therapeutic molecules in a controlled manner. [1][2][3][4] Among other obstacles for the NP to overcome, blood brain barrier (BBB) is the first that segregates the inner central nervous system (CNS) from blood. 5 For the BBB penetration, the surface of NPs has been designed with various kinds of molecules such as antibodies and peptides to recognize the receptors and transporters expressed on BBB.…”