“…If such confusion arises, a brand loses central brand-related core functions, for example, orientation guidance during a purchase process, the identification function, or the trust function. Grimm and Wagner (2021) provide empirical evidence of intra-brand image confusion's substantial effects on (1) brand sympathy, (2) brand identification, (3) customers' assessment of the assortment, (4) the tendency to delay purchases, (5) recommendation propensity quantified by net promoter score (NPS), and (6) an increased tendency to use heuristics during product evaluations.…”