“…Longitudinal data structures in organizational science typically consist of observations on a relatively large number of units (e.g., people, teams, organizations), N , over a relatively small number of equally spaced time ( T ) intervals. In recent investigations, N is typically in the range of 50 to 500 and T is between 2 and 50, with the vast majority of studies having six or fewer measurements per unit (e.g., Chi, Chang, & Huang, 2015; Li, Burch, & Lee, 2017; Zhu, Wanberg, Harrison, & Diehn, 2016). Longitudinal data structures fall within the broader class of nested data structures, and so methods that account for the nonindependence of observations within the units (aka, clustered responses or unit effects) are needed to obtain accurate inferences.…”