“…Nineteen studies primarily assessed the effect of music listening on anxiety and stress in a variety of different clinical and therapeutic settings. For instance, Bae, Man Lim, Hur, and Lee () investigated the effects of music listening on anxiety levels for patients undergoing regional anaesthesia for a range of surgical procedures. In contrast, Kipnis, Tabak, and Koton () evaluated the effect of background music on preoperative anxiety in elective surgery patients, whereas Hsu, Chen, Chen, Tseng, and Lin () examined the effects of music listening on anxiety levels for patients undergoing knee replacement.…”