Intra-Seasonal and Intra-Annual Variation of the Latent Heat Flux Transfer Coefficient for a Freshwater Lake

Abstract

In the case of lakes, evaporation is one of the most significant losses of water and energy. Based on high-frequency eddy-covariance (EC) measurements between May and September of 2019, the offshore heat and water vapor exchanges are evaluated for the large (~600 km2) but shallow (~3.2 m deep) Lake Balaton (Transdanubian region, Hungary). The role of local driving forces of evaporation in different time scales (from 20 min to one month) is explored, such as water surface and air temperatures, humidity, atmospheric stability, net radiation, and energy budget components. EC-derived water vapor roughness lengths and transfer coefficients (Cq) show an apparent intra-seasonal variation. Different energy balance-based evaporation estimation methods (such as the Priestley-Taylor and the Penman-Monteith) confirm this observation. Furthermore, this has suggested the existence of an intra-annual variation in these parameters. This hypothesis is verified using ten years of water balance measurements, from which, as a first step, evaporation rates and, second, transfer coefficients are derived on a monthly scale. Cq is highly reduced in winter months (~1 × 10−3) compared to summer months (~2.5 × 10−3) and strongly correlated with net radiation. The application of time-varying Cq significantly increases the accuracy of evaporation estimation when the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory-based aerodynamic method is applied. The determination coefficient increases to 0.84 compared to 0.52 when a constant Cq is employed.

Vertical Eddy Diffusivity in the Tropical Cyclone Boundary Layer during Landfall

“…It is typically assumed that the value of K t is equal to that of K m , or it is calculated using Prandtl and Schmidt numbers (P r ) [42]. In future research, in addition to the momentum flux, more observational data of the heat and moisture fluxes in high winds need to be analyzed, to evaluate the characteristic of Pr to advance our understanding of the air-sea momentum and latent heat exchange under extreme wind conditions [43][44][45][46][47][48].…”

Monitoring the Water Mass Balance Variability of Small Shallow Lakes by an ERA5-Land Reanalysis and Water Level Measurement-Based Model. An Application to the Trasimeno Lake, Italy

“…For the evaporation, the most popular relationships are the Penman-Monteith [17,[24][25][26] and Thornthwaite [27] ones. Possible alternatives for evaluating the evaporation are the use of the output of the numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, run over the lake basin area [19,28], as well as the remotely sensed observations [22,23].…”