INTRACELLULAR C1−, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, AND P IN NERVOUS TISSUE; RESPONSE TO GLUTAMATE AND TO CHANGES IN EXTRACELLULAR CALCIUM*

Ames, Adelbert; Tsukada, Yasuzo; Nesbett, Frances B.

doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1967.tb05887.x

Cited by 78 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Bathed in proline solutions, the chicken retina tends to develop a similar swelling and opaqueness as that caused by excitatory amino acids such as glutamate (Van Harreveld and Fifkova, 1973a). This effect was ascribed to an increase in Na+ permeability of plasma membranes resulting in the uptake of NaCl and water by the tissue, accompanied by a release of extracellular K+ (Ames et al, 1967;Van Harreveld, 1976). The swelling and opaqueness of the retina was less marked, even after prolonged treatment with high concentrations (10 mM) of L-proline, than after the application of excitant amino acids (e.g., L-glutamate) suggesting that the effect of L-proline on the ion permeability of plasma membranes is less pronounced (Van Harreveld and Fifkova, 1973a).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of L‐proline and some of its analogs on retinal spreading depression

Harreveld

1979

J. Neurobiol.

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L-Proline inhibits glutamate-based spreading depressions (SDs) at low concentrations (2--2.5 mM) and promotes K+-based SDs at higher concentrations (5 mM). The inhibition of glutamate-based SDs was postulated to be due to competition of L-glutamate and L-proline for glutamate receptors on somatic and dendritic plasma membranes. The binding of proline to glutamate receptors was furthermore postulated to result in a release of K+ from the intracellular compartment, enhancing the extracellular K+ concentration sufficiently to promote K+-based SDs. A proline analog, L-baikiain, containing a double bond and one more C atom in the ring structure than proline had similar effects as the latter amino acid, but an analog, L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, with one less C atom in the ring had little effect on SD in the retina.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of L‐proline and some of its analogs on retinal spreading depression

Harreveld

1979

J. Neurobiol.

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“…In their preparations the spontaneous efflux was faster, however, and the efflux was significantly enhanced also by acidic amino acids, whereas GABA was inhibitory. High concentrations of acidic amino acids are known to exert deleterious effects on cell membrane permeability properties (TSUKADA AMES et al, 1967), and this may account for the enhancement of phenylalanine efflux by 5 mmol/l aspartic and glutamic acid solutions used by CRNIC et a/. (1973).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efflux of Phenylalanine From Rat Cerebral Cortex Slices as Influenced by Extra‐ and Intracellular Amino Acids

Korpi

Oja

1979

Journal of Neurochemistry

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Abstract— Effects of other amino acids on the efflux of l‐[3H]phenylalanine from rat cerebral cortex slices were studied in a superfusion system. Extracellular large neutral amino acids caused a strong trans‐stimulation of [3H]phenylalanine efflux. Some small neutral amino acids were less effective, whereas acidic and basic amino acids and the amino acids without an amino group in the α‐position were ineffective. Any trans‐inhibition was not detected. The stimulatory trans‐effects of phenylalanine and tryptophan were additive, reversible and concentration‐dependent. They were apparently mediated by the same mechanisms. The efflux of [3H]phenylalanine was much slower at 273 K than at 310 K, but the effects of unlabelled phenylalanine and tryptophan on it were qualitatively similar at both temperatures. Amino acids accumulated intracellularly at moderately high concentrations did not inhibit [3H]phenylalanine efflux, but phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine and norleucine caused an enhancement. Spontaneous efflux of [3H]phenylalanine showed some similarities to physical diffusion, but its selective and specific modification by other amino acids strongly suggests the involvement of mediated processes.

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“…The fact that ventriculocisternal perfusion effectively washes the brain, removing ischemic metabolic products such as CO 2 and other metabolic waste products such as lactate, supports this hypothesis. 8 ' 16 In addition, ventriculocisternal perfusion with oxygenated fluorochemical emulsion may remove excess excitatory and potentially destructive neurotransmitters (especially glutamate/aspartate), 17 -20 may cool the brain (thereby reducing the metabolic demand), 21 may restore the ionic composition of the extracellular fluid toward normal concentrations, and may remove other mediators of secondary brain damage (such as bradykinin and free fatty acids). 22 " 24 Studies are currently being planned using intracerebral dialysis probes to address these possibilities.…”

Section: Bell Et Al Treatment For Elevated Icp 83mentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel treatment for ischemic intracranial hypertension in cats.

Bell¹,

Frazer²,

Osterholm³

et al. 1991

Stroke

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There is no accepted efficacious treatment for ischemic cerebral edema. We show in a cat model of focal cerebral ischemia that infarct volume can be reduced ( A lthough there is active investigation into many aspects of the treatment of acute stroke, there is currently no accepted treatment for a patient so afflicted. Death during the acute phase occurs due to intractable brain swelling and herniation.1 Brain swelling and intracranial pressure (ICP) elevation become maximal in 2-4 days. The brain swelling and edema associated with transtentorial herniation are responsible for the death of approximately 10% of patients with ischemic stroke. 2For these patients there is no uniformly acceptable treatment that reduces or blocks the development of cerebral edema and the subsequent rise in ICP. Surgical decompression and medical treatment with hyperosmolar agents have had limited success in the treatment of ischemic cerebral edema, 3 ' 4 and corticosteroids have not been shown to be of benefit in ischemic vascular disease. 5 We have shown in a cat model of focal cerebral ischemia that we can reduce the volume of infarction by ventriculocisternal perfusion with various oxygenated fluorochemical nutrient emulsions.6 -10 A separate, but perhaps related, effect of such ventriculocisternal perfusion is the reduction of ICP. Materials and MethodsWe used 21 male closed-colony cats (Liberty Laboratories, Reading, Pa.) weighing 3-5 kg. The animals were fasted overnight and each was premedicated with 0.05 mg/kg i.m. atropine. Anesthesia was induced with 50 mg methohexital sodium, and maintained with 50 mg a-chloralose-urethane every 8 hours supplemented with 70% N 2 O in 30% O 2 . All surgical sites were infiltrated with 0.5% lidocaine before incision.Focal cerebral ischemia was produced by application of an aneurysm clip on the middle cerebral artery as close as possible to its origin off the internal carotid artery through a retro-orbital exposure. The orbit was then filled with absorbable gelatin sterile powder, and the eyelid was sutured shut. In all cats, an inflow catheter was placed in the left lateral ventricle using a stereotaxic instrument (David Kopf Instruments, Tujunga, Calif.) and in 15 cats an outflow catheter was placed in the cisterna magna under microscopic visualization. The cat remained in the stereotactic frame for the remainder of the experiment. The other six cats were not perfused, did not have outflow catheters placed, and served as controls. Of the 15 cats with catheters, eight were perfused with an oxygenated nutrient solution not containing fluorochemical and seven were perfused with oxygenated fluorochemical emulsion.Arterial blood samples were obtained every 2 hours or as necessary for monitoring and maintaining the following physiologic parameters throughout the experiment: Pao 2 at >100 torr, Paa>2 at 25-35 torr, pH at 7.35-7.45, total CO 2 concentration at 17-24 by guest on May 11, 2018 http://stroke.ahajournals.org/ Downloaded from

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INTRACELLULAR C1⁻, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, AND P IN NERVOUS TISSUE; RESPONSE TO GLUTAMATE AND TO CHANGES IN EXTRACELLULAR CALCIUM*

Cited by 78 publications

References 47 publications

Effects of L‐proline and some of its analogs on retinal spreading depression

Effects of L‐proline and some of its analogs on retinal spreading depression

Efflux of Phenylalanine From Rat Cerebral Cortex Slices as Influenced by Extra‐ and Intracellular Amino Acids

A novel treatment for ischemic intracranial hypertension in cats.

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