Intracellular connections between basal bodies promote the coordinated behavior of motile cilia

Soh, Adam W. J.; Woodhams, Louis G.; Junker, Anthony D.; Enloe, Cassidy M; Noren, Benjamin; Harned, Adam; Westlake, Christopher J.; Narayan, Kedar; Oakey, John; Bayly, Philip V.; Pearson, Chad G.

doi:10.1091/mbc.e22-05-0150

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 67 publications

(116 reference statements)

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“…Using live cell differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy at high frame rates, we visualized ciliary beating of immobilized T. thermophila cells at different environmental temperatures. Immobilization of T. thermophila cells was performed via a magnetism-based approach ( Soh et al. , 2022 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A force in the opposite direction was applied to the BB distal end attached to the cell cortex, representing force transmitted from the posterior BB SF to the pcMTs. Adjacent Tetrahymena cilia in the cell medial region beat with a temporal delay, whereby the posteriorly positioned cilium is approximately 3 ms ahead in its beat cycle ( Soh et al. , 2022 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…T. thermophila disA-1 mutants with defective SFs provide further insight into how force transmission through BBs and SFs can impact the ciliary waveform. disA-1 mutants do not have known ciliary defects, yet they display altered ciliary waveforms compared with control cilia ( Soh et al. , 2022 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using a magnetism-based strategy, T. thermophila cells were immobilized and their cilia were imaged via fast time-lapse DIC microscopy ( Soh et al. , 2022 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Basal bodies bend in response to ciliary forces

Junker

Woodhams

Soh

et al. 2022

MBoC

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Motile cilia beat with an asymmetric waveform consisting of a power stroke that generates a propulsive force and a recovery stroke that returns the cilium back to the start. Cilia are anchored to the cell cortex by basal bodies (BBs) that are directly coupled to the ciliary doublet MTs. We find that, consistent with ciliary forces imposing on BBs, bending patterns in BB triplet MTs are responsive to ciliary beating. BB bending varies as environmental conditions change the ciliary waveform. Bending occurs where striated fibers (SF) attach to BBs and mutants with short SFs that fail to connect to adjacent BBs exhibit abnormal BB bending, supporting a model in which SFs couple ciliary forces between BBs. Finally, loss of the BB stability protein, Poc1, that helps interconnect BB triplet MTs prevents the normal distributed BB and ciliary bending patterns. Collectively, BBs experience ciliary forces and manage mechanical coupling of these forces to their surrounding cellular architecture for normal ciliary beating. [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text]

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using a magnetism-based strategy, T. thermophila cells were immobilized and their cilia were imaged via fast time-lapse DIC microscopy ( Soh et al. , 2022 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Basal bodies bend in response to ciliary forces

Junker

Woodhams

Soh

et al. 2022

MBoC

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“…Next, cells were washed three times with PHEM buffer. Finally, cells were mixed with 80 µl of mounting media (Citifluor AF1) and introduced into 50 × 50 µm microfluidics chambers to prevent cell compression ( Soh et al. , 2022 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Basal body organization and cell geometry during the cell cycle in Tetrahymena thermophila

Sun

Soh

Mitchell

et al. 2023

MBoC

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Tetrahymena thermophila possesses arrays of motile cilia that promote fluid flow for cell motility. These consist of intricately organized basal bodies (BBs) that nucleate and position cilia at the cell cortex. Tetrahymena cell geometry and spatial organization of BBs play important roles in cell size, swimming, feeding, and division. How cell geometry and BB organization are established and maintained remains poorly understood, and prior studies have been limited due to difficulties in accurate BB identification and small sample size. We therefore developed an automated image processing pipeline that segments single cells, distinguishes unique BB populations, assigns BBs into distinct ciliary rows, and distinguishes new from mature BBs. We identified unique features to describe the variation of cell shape and BB spatial organization in unsynchronized single-cell images. The results reveal asymmetries in BB distribution and positioning of the cytokinetic furrow within the cell. Moreover, we establish novel spatial and temporal waves in new BB assembly through the cell cycle. Lastly, we used measurements from single cells across the cell cycle to construct a generative model that allows synthesis of movies depicting single cells progressing through the cell cycle. Our approach is expected to be of particular value for characterizing Tetrahymena mutants. [Media: see text]

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Unicellular Organisms with Versatile Solutions at the Micro‐Scale: Functional Materials and Principles in Ciliates

Dörr,

Kohl,

Schweikert

et al. 2023

Adv Funct Materials

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Nature's diversity offers an abundance of promising solutions for novel bioinspired functional materials and systems. In particular, single‐celled organisms exhibit solutions and material properties that are realized at the nano‐ and micro‐scales. Ciliates are ubiquitous unicellular eukaryotes that are well‐adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions. They have developed a large variety of interesting and highly specialized characteristics with unique properties and design. In this review, the background of selected ciliate characteristics is highlighted with respect to material properties and structure‐function relationships. Hierarchically complex mineralized structures, highly efficient sensors for movement and protection, shape‐memory structures, as well as survival and detoxification strategies are to be emphasized. Proposed future bioinspired applications of these properties of ciliates expand the possibilities to more sustainable materials and development processes.

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Intracellular connections between basal bodies promote the coordinated behavior of motile cilia

Cited by 12 publications

References 67 publications

Basal bodies bend in response to ciliary forces

Basal bodies bend in response to ciliary forces

Basal body organization and cell geometry during the cell cycle in Tetrahymena thermophila

Unicellular Organisms with Versatile Solutions at the Micro‐Scale: Functional Materials and Principles in Ciliates

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