Intracellular detection of hazardous Cd²⁺ through a fluorescence imaging technique by using a nontoxic coumarin based sensor

Abstract

A new coumarin based turn on fluorescent sensor (R1) was reported for the detection of highly hazardous Cd with excellent selectivity and sensitivity without any interference of other metal ions. The single crystal X-ray structure analysis of the sensor showed the actual geometry of the molecule. For the first time, a Cd induced FRET mechanism was observed and explained accordingly. Instant naked eye detection of Cd through a sharp colour change signified the practical applicability of R1. The sensor of high quantum yield was applied in the intracellular detection of poisonous Cd in living HeLa S3 cells.

Recent progress in cadmium fluorescent and colorimetric probes

“…30), which can respond to Zn 2+ and Cd 2+ by turning on uorescence. 87 Under the excitation of 400 nm light, the maximum emission peak of the probe shis from 464 nm to long wavelength with the addition of Zn(CH 3 COO) 2 that the high selectivity and sensitivity to Cd 2+ may be due to the interaction between Cd 2+ and 3,5-dimetylpyrazole ligand through Lewis acid-base interactions, which promotes more effective energy transfer from ligand to Cu 2+ . In addition, the complex probe can also respond to acetone by uorescence quenching.…”

“…8 ), which recognizes Cd 2+ and turns on fluorescence. 2 There is a spectral overlap between the energy donor coumarin part and the energy acceptor rhodamine part, and Cd 2+ is recognized based on the FRET mechanism. In methanol/water (2/1, v/v, 1 mM HEPES buffer, pH = 7.2), the free probe has no characteristic absorption peak in the visible light region, but the absorption peak intensity at 561 nm is increased after gradually adding Cd 2+ .…”

“…">IntroductionCadmium, as an essential resource in the earth, is widely used in chemical industry, electronics industry, nuclear industry, semiconducting, quantum dots, phosphate fertilizers, rechargeable batteries, pigments, electroplating, stabilizer, metallurgy, ceramic enamels. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Consequently, there is a widespread Cd 2+ contamination in air, water, and soil. 7 Cadmium is a non-essential substance for the organism, and is even classi-ed as a human carcinogen.…”

N2S2 pyridinophane-based fluorescent chemosensors for selective optical detection of Cd2+ in soils

“…In particular, the development of optical methodologies based on fluorescent chemosensors for the selective detection, discrimination and quantification of metal ions such as Zn 2+ [4, [7][8][9][10][11][12][13] and Cd 2+ [4, [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] has attracted increasing attention. In fact, both metal ions possess a closed-shell d 10 configuration and, therefore, exhibit similar chemical properties, making their spectroscopic discrimination difficult.…”

A Coumarin-Based Fluorescent Probe for Ratiometric Detection of Cu2+ and Its Application in Bioimaging

“…Therefore, various kinds of probes have been reported, such as rhodamines (Zhang et al, 2020 ), phenanthroline (Nawaz et al, 2018 ), anthracene (Shree et al, 2019 ), coumarin (Qi et al, 2018 ; Qu et al, 2019 ; Zhu et al, 2020 ), and BODIPY (Cetinkaya et al, 2019 ; Fang et al, 2019 ; Xia et al, 2019 ). In contrast with other derivatives, coumarin derivatives represent good fluorescence properties, excellent photostability, and easy preparation (Zhang et al, 2014 ; Hossain et al, 2017 ; Kumari et al, 2017 ). Consequently, many coumarin derivatives have been obtained to detect Cu 2+ (Li et al, 2018 ; Roy et al, 2018 ; Wang Y. et al, 2018 ; Zhao et al, 2019 ; Joniak et al, 2020 ).…”