Intracellular distribution of titanium

Enantiopure titanocene complexes – direct evidence for paraptosis in cancer cells

“…These observations strongly suggest no ionization of chloride or Cp R groups takes place in DMSO prior to dilution with RPMI medium to give 200 μM samples of 4 containing 1% v/v aqueous d 6 The lack of free Cp R in cultures containing 4, very low Ti intracellular concentrations and enantiomer dependent biology are not in accord with significant accretion of cyclopentadienyl free Ti 4+ within our cell lines. Such suggestions originally arose from exposure of dead tissue samples to massive excesses of 1 and in apparent low level EELS Ti signals detected in biopsy samples 38,39 . In reproducing the latter we find the titanium EELS signal is reproducibly coincident with a background artefact, and at best, low Ti concentrations are present with no aggregation of TiO 2 -like species above 1 nm diameter within MDA-MB-468 cells detectable (3-6 h) (Supplementary Information).…”

Binding and hydrolysis studies of antitumoural titanocene dichloride and Titanocene Y with phosphate diesters

“…Electron energy loss spectroscopy studies revealed the accumulation of Ti in nucleic acid-rich regions of tumour cells after treatment with Cp 2 TiCl 2 [25]. Ti-DNA adducts were detected in weakly acidic solution as well as in tumour cells by atomic absorption and inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry [26,27].…”

Cytotoxic Titanium(IV) Complexes: Renaissance

“…Analysis of the intracellular localization of titanium after treatment of 1 found titanium accumulation in cellular regions rich in nucleic acids. [57] Interestingly, while cisplatin immediately causes cessation of DNA-metabolic activity, 1 does not affect cell transit through the S phase but cells are irreversibly unable to perform mitosis. [58] It has been concluded that the three main phenomena observed in cells after treatment with 1 -specifically, the formation of giant cells, the activation of endogenous viruses, and the development of cellular necrosis -are all consistent with an interaction of 1 with intracellular DNA.…”