Intracellular, Intercellular, and Stromal Invasion of Gastric Mucosa, Preneoplastic Lesions, and Cancer by Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori Induces ERK-dependent Formation of a Phospho-c-Fos·c-Jun Activator Protein-1 Complex That Causes Apoptosis in Macrophages

“…12), because we have found that deletion of the minimal ODC promoter upstream of the c-Myc binding site prevents promoter activation. 4 Additionally, the induction of apoptosis also requires the oxidative metabolism of the polyamine spermine by the enzyme spermine oxidase that we have shown to generate sufficient H 2 O 2 to cause mitochondrial membrane depolarization and thus apoptosis (8), as shown in Fig. 12.…”

Effect ofHelicobacter pylori’s vacuolating cytotoxin on the autophagy pathway in gastric epithelial cells

“…6,9,15,16 To determine if these vacuoles were associated with the autophagy pathway, we employed transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of infected AGS cells. No autophagosomes were detected in untreated AGS cells (Fig.…”

“…9,[11][12][13][14] While the exact role of VacAdependent vacuolation remains unclear, studies with infection of gastric epithelial cells revealed an increase in H. pylori intracellular survival associated with the presence of bacteria inside of both large and small VacA-dependent vacuoles. 6,9,15,16 The suitability of these vacuoles as an intracellular niche for H. pylori may be due, at least in part, to toxin-mediated alterations in the sorting of lysosomal hydrolases during vacuole biogenesis that yield nondegradative compartments. 9,12,17 Several of the earliest studies describing the action of VacA on cultured epithelial cell lines reported that broth culture supernatants from vacA + H. pylori strains induced the formation of intracellular vesicles that visibly stained with acridine orange, initially excluded the endocytic marker Lucifer yellow, and, appeared to contain cytoplasmic content.…”

Adherence, Internalization, and Persistence of Helicobacter pylori in Hepatocytes

“…While the majority of H. pylori remain in the intestinal lumen, H. pylori can also be found within gastric epithelial cells. Recently, H. pylori have also been described within metaplastic, dysplastic, and neoplastic gastric epithelial cells in vivo [15][16][17][18][19][20], and it has been suggested that the intracellular expression of H. pylori virulence genes might play a role in the development of H. pylori associated diseases [19].…”