Intracellular Localization of an Osmocenyl‐Tamoxifen Derivative in Breast Cancer Cells Revealed by Synchrotron Radiation X‐ray Fluorescence Nanoimaging

Abstract

Supportinginformation and the ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under: https://doi.

Development of Multi-Scale X-ray Fluorescence Tomography for Examination of Nanocomposite-Treated Biological Samples

“…Recent studies have presented biological applications of XRF tomography with spatial resolution ranging from a few microns [10][11][12] down to a few hundred nanometers [13,14]. XRF tomography with sub-100 nm spatial resolution has been demonstrated at a few synchrotron-based nanoprobes (e.g., [2,[15][16][17]), however with very limited field of view. Combining high spatial resolution and large field of view is conceptually straightforward, however rather challenging in practice with respect to data acquisition and analysis.…”

Correlative transmission electron microscopy and high-resolution hard X-ray fluorescence microscopy of cell sections to measure trace elements concentrations at the organelle level

“…However, their sensitivity does not allow the detection of molecular species at a biologically relevant concentration. The method of choice to analyze the distribution of any element of interest with subcellular resolution, and sensitive enough to detect trace elements even in their soluble form, is X-ray fluorescence (XRF) imaging performed in a synchrotron X-ray nanoprobe (Fus et al, 2019; Hasna et al, 2019; Tardillo Suárez et al, 2020). Applied to nanotoxicology research, this technique provides the unique capability to detect both metallic nanoparticles and soluble metal ions in a biological matrix, as well as the native elements of the cell or tissue (Brown et al, 2018; Veronesi et al, 2019, 2016).…”

“…As of today, high-resolution 2D elemental images have been most often obtained on entire cells, where the XRF signal from the whole thickness of the cell is summed up, losing the in-depth resolution and consequently the precise distribution within the cell down to the organelle level. In order to overcome this limitation, 3D tomographic XRF imaging should be used (Fus et al, 2019; Yuan et al, 2013). However, the long acquisition time needed to collect a number of projections that allow the accurate reconstruction of the cell volume prevents a routine use of this technique in biology.…”

“…However, the long acquisition time needed to collect a number of projections that allow the accurate reconstruction of the cell volume prevents a routine use of this technique in biology. Possible solutions applied so far consist in either performing 2D XRF imaging over a large sample set, then confirming the findings on a few specimens by acquiring 3D data (Fus et al 2019), or in coupling 2D XRF on whole cells with other techniques that allow the localization of subcellular compartments. Among the latter, it is worth mentioning organelle labelling followed by fluorescence microscopy (Carmona et al, 2019; Yuan et al, 2013), or TEM observations of cell sections (Veronesi et al, 2016).…”

Nuclear localization of dirhodium(ii) complexes in breast cancer cells by X-ray fluorescence microscopy

“…33 In this regard, X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) poses an advantage as it relies on the intrinsic fluorescence of the individual elements rather than the presence of fluorophores (Scheme S1). This technique has been exploited due to its high sensitivity and submicrometer spacial resolution to determine cellular uptake as well as intracellular distribution for a variety of compounds, including Cr(VI), 34 As, 35 Pt, 36 Os, 37 as well as Ru complexes in cancer cells 38 *Cp = pentamethylcyclopentadienato) and [Rh(*Cp)Cl(cur)] (curH = curcumin) as potential curcumin delivery drugs; however, no specific localization was observed for Rh inside the cells. 40 In this study, we report the cytotoxicity, cellular uptake and biodistribution of three different dirhodium(II) complexes: Rh2(AcO)4 (1), [Rh2(AcO)2(Met)2]5H2O (2, HMet = methionine) and [Rh2(AcO)2(bpy)2](AcO)2 (3, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) (Figure 1).…”