Intracellular staining of neurons with nickel-lysine

Fredman, Steven M.

doi:10.1016/0165-0270(87)90050-1

Cited by 32 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Altogether we performed over 35 replicates for the N2 in specimens, ranging from 5 to 25 mm in length, but samples with only a partial staining of the nerve were not used because of possible incomplete innervation patterns. Our criterion for a well staining was a uniformly dark blue nerve as it joined the ganglion, an indication for intact axons (Fredman 1987). Thus, only 23 replicates were analysed for the right nervus labialis (N2), covering a wide range of specimens from juvenile to adult stages ( Fig.…”

Section: Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the present paper, we extend the use of innervation patterns to study homology of the CSOs by using a "backWlling" or axonal Wlling/tracing technique, which allows the visualisation of complex details in the morphologies for individual somata projecting into each nerve (Altman and Tyrer 1980;Fredman 1987;Kerkhoven et al 1991). The terms homology and homologisation are used here to describe innervation patterns only to connote an assessment of hypothesised homology, since homology itself is hypothetical and cannot be conclusively be proven.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Innervation patterns of the cerebral nerves in Haminoea hydatis (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia): a test for intraspecific variability

et al. 2008

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This study describes the innervation patterns for the cerebral nerves which project to the cephalic sensory organs (CSOs) in the opisthobranch Haminoea hydatis (Linnaeus 1758) and uses axonal tracing techniques (backWlling) to reveal the central cellular origins for these cerebral nerves. Cell clusters projecting into the cerebral nerves can be deWned by their positions in the ganglion relative to other clusters, nerve roots and lobes. The number of cell clusters and the relative sizes of somata are constant in a given cluster, whereas the absolute number of somata and absolute sizes of single somata in a given cluster increase with the size of the animal. Additionally, the invariable morphological characteristics of the cell clusters are used to deWne criteria for the assessment of possible homology for the clusters innervating the CSOs in Opisthobranchia. The data suggest two diVerent strategies to accommodate the increasing body size; Wrst, the additions of nerve cells and second, the growth of nerve cells.

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Section: Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Innervation patterns of the cerebral nerves in Haminoea hydatis (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia): a test for intraspecific variability

et al. 2008

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“…To detect axonal regeneration, retrograde filling of peripheral nerves was performed using nickel-lysine as described by Fredman (1987Fredman ( , 1988. Peripheral pedal nerves P6, P7, P8, and P9 were cut at 4 cm distal to the pedal ganglia.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of tail-elicited siphon-withdrawal reflex following unilateral axonal injury is associated with ipsi- and contralateral changes in gene expression in Aplysia californica

et al. 1995

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Behavioral, cellular and molecular changes were examined following axonal injury in the marine mollusc Aplysia californica. Unilateral nerve injury was performed by crushing the pleural-pedal connective and the peripheral pedal nerves innervating one side of the posterior body wall and the tail. The injury procedure severs the axons of the pleural sensory neurons resulting in the blockade of the tail-elicited siphon- withdrawal reflex. Partial reflex recovery is observed within 3 d and reaches 50% of the pretest value by six weeks postinjury. Retrograde staining of injured nerves combined with electrophysiological recordings from siphon motor neurons show that axons can regenerate through the crushed site and reconnect with the tail by three weeks postinjury. Moreover, the behavioral and electrophysiological measurements suggest that the contralateral sensory neurons may contribute to the early recovery of the siphon-withdrawal reflex. The levels of mRNAs coding for actin and calreticulin are elevated while the mRNAs coding for intermediate filament protein, sensorin A, FMRFamide are reduced in the ipsilateral pleural ganglia as detected by Northern blots. In the contralateral pleural ganglia, the levels of mRNAs coding for actin, sensorin A and FMRFamide are elevated. These molecular changes in both the ipsi- and contralateral sides are consistent with the hypothesis that both sides are participating in the behavioral recovery following unilateral axonal injury.

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“…For nickel backfill, we employed a procedure modified from Fredman (1987). Briefly, pedal ganglia with right side nerves P1, P8, and P9 were pinned onto a Sylgard-lined dish containing sterile artificial seawater (ASW; 395 mM NaCl, 10 mM KCl, 10 mM CaCl 2 , 50 mM MgCl 2 , 28 mM Na 2 SO 4 , and 30 mM HEPES) supplemented with 10% hemolymph.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-Like Molecule Modulates the Activity of Diverse Central Neurons in a Gastropod Mollusk, Aplysia Californica

Sun

Tsai

2011

Front. Endocrin.

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In vertebrates, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a crucial decapeptide that activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis to ensure successful reproduction. Recently, a GnRH-like molecule has been isolated from a gastropod mollusk, Aplysia californica. This GnRH (ap-GnRH) is deduced to be an undecapeptide, and its function remains to be explored. Our previous study demonstrated that ap-GnRH did not stimulate a range of reproductive parameters. Instead, it affected acute behavioral and locomotive changes unrelated to reproduction. In this study, we used electrophysiology and retrograde tracing to further explore the central role of ap-GnRH. Sharp-electrode intracellular recordings revealed that ap-GnRH had diverse effects on central neurons that ranged from excitatory, inhibitory, to the alteration of membrane potential. Unexpectedly, extracellular recordings revealed that ap-GnRH suppressed the onset of electrical afterdischarge in bag cell neurons, suggesting an inhibitory effect on female reproduction. Lastly, using immunocytochemistry coupled with nickel backfill, we demonstrated that some ap-GnRH neurons projected to efferent nerves known to innervate the foot and parapodia, suggesting ap-GnRH may directly modulate the motor output of these peripheral tissues. Overall, our results suggested that in A. californica, ap-GnRH more likely functioned as a central modulator of complex behavior and motor regulation rather than as a conventional reproductive stimulator.

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Intracellular staining of neurons with nickel-lysine

Cited by 32 publications

References 44 publications

Innervation patterns of the cerebral nerves in Haminoea hydatis (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia): a test for intraspecific variability

Innervation patterns of the cerebral nerves in Haminoea hydatis (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia): a test for intraspecific variability

Recovery of tail-elicited siphon-withdrawal reflex following unilateral axonal injury is associated with ipsi- and contralateral changes in gene expression in Aplysia californica

A Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-Like Molecule Modulates the Activity of Diverse Central Neurons in a Gastropod Mollusk, Aplysia Californica

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