Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 was selected as an antigen delivery vehicle for mucosal immunization against porcine parvovirus (PPV) infection. A 64-kDa fragment of PPV major protective antigen VP2 protein was used as the parvovirus antigen model. A recombinant Lactobacillus expressing VP2 protein was constructed with plasmid pPG611.1, where expression and localization of the VP2 protein from recombinant Lc393-rPPV-VP2 was detected via sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence. Both local mucosal and systemic immune responses against PPV were induced in BALB/c mice immunized orally with the recombinant Lactobacillus expressing VP2 protein. The induced antibodies demonstrated neutralizing effects on PPV infection. These data indicated that the use of recombinant lactobacilli could be a valuable strategy for future vaccine development of PPV.Porcine parvovirus (PPV), characterized as a member of the autonomous parvoviruses, is a major cause of reproductive failure in swine, resulting in early embryonic death, fetal death, stillbirths, and delayed return to estrus (3,12,13,22), and the virus causes serious losses for pig producers. The molecular features of PPV are similar to those of other autonomous parvoviruses. PPV is a small, nonenveloped virus, and the virion contains a 5-kb, linear, minus-polarity, single-stranded DNA genome (25), which is encapsidated within a simple icosahedron protein coat composed of three structural polypeptides (VP1, VP2, and VP3, with masses of 84, 64, and 60 kDa, respectively) (24). The VP2 protein encompasses major antigenic domains of PPV and could induce PPV-neutralizing antibodies for the neutralization of PPV infection (26,32,38). Therefore, the VP2 protein plays a major role in PPV diagnosis and immune prophylaxis.The mucosa tissues are particularly important for protection against diseases, such as those caused by viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens which invade the mucosal system (18, 39). Vaccines administered by parenteral routes generally fail to stimulate mucosal immune responses. Mucosal immunization has proven to be an effective approach against the colonization of pathogens and their further spread to the systemic circulation (7,20,23). Therefore, it is necessary to develop efficient and safe antigen vectors that will be able to trigger mucosal and systemic immune responses. One promising approach relies on the use of live bacterial vehicles (21). The potentiality of recombinant lactic acid bacteria to deliver heterologous antigens to the mucosal immune system has been investigated during the last decade (10,11,19,28,30,31,37). This approach offers a number of advantages (such as noninvasiveness and the possibility of eliciting both mucosal and systemic immune responses) over the traditional parenteral vaccination. In addition, lactobacilli have been used in a large variety of industrial food fermentation and preservation processes, are known for their beneficial effects on the health of humans and animals, ...