Intragenus generalized transduction in <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp. by a novel giant phage

Uchiyama, Jumpei; Takemura‐Uchiyama, Iyo; Sakaguchi, Yoshihiko; Gamoh, Keiji; Kato, Shin‐ichiro; Daibata, Masanori; Ujihara, Takako; Misawa, Naoaki; Matsuzaki, Shigenobu

doi:10.1038/ismej.2014.29

Cited by 47 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Previous studies have demonstrated pac phagemediated transfer of MGEs between S. aureus and other bacterial species Chen and Novick, 2009;Uchiyama et al, 2014); however, no previous studies have described the natural intra-or intergeneric transfer of pathogenicity islands by cos phages. As bacterial pathogens become increasingly antibiotic resistant, lytic and poorly transducing phages, such as cos phages, have been proposed for phage therapy, on the grounds that they would not introduce adventitious host DNA into target organisms and that the phages are so restricted in host range that the resulting progeny are harmless and will not result in dysbiosis of human bacterial flora.…”

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confidence: 99%

Intra- and inter-generic transfer of pathogenicity island-encoded virulence genes by cos phages

et al. 2014

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Bacteriophage-mediated horizontal gene transfer is one of the primary driving forces of bacterial evolution. The pac-type phages are generally thought to facilitate most of the phage-mediated gene transfer between closely related bacteria, including that of mobile genetic elements-encoded virulence genes. In this study, we report that staphylococcal cos-type phages transferred the Staphylococcus aureus pathogenicity island SaPIbov5 to non-aureus staphylococcal species and also to different genera. Our results describe the first intra-and intergeneric transfer of a pathogenicity island by a cos phage, and highlight a gene transfer mechanism that may have important implications for pathogen evolution.

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confidence: 99%

Intra- and inter-generic transfer of pathogenicity island-encoded virulence genes by cos phages

et al. 2014

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“…UGI is an early phage protein that prevents degradation by the host UNG and therefore it is indispensable for the maintenance of the uracilated phage genome (Cone et al, 1980; Cole et al, 2013). To date two other bacteriophages have been discovered that possess uracil containing DNA, namely, ΦR1-37 infecting Y. enterocolitica (Kiljunen et al, 2005), and phage S6 infecting Staphylococcace (Uchiyama et al, 2014). As none of them encode an already described UNG inhibitor, it is unrevealed to date, how these phages are able to maintain their uracil containing genome.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As mentioned earlier, a new UNG inhibitor, SaUGI was also recently described (Wang et al, 2014), and other potential UNG inhibitors in the genome of uracilated phages are still waiting for discovery (Kiljunen et al, 2005; Uchiyama et al, 2014). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life without dUTPase

et al. 2016

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Fine-tuned regulation of the cellular nucleotide pools is indispensable for faithful replication of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA). The genetic information is also safeguarded by DNA damage recognition and repair processes. Uracil is one of the most frequently occurring erroneous bases in DNA; it can arise from cytosine deamination or thymine-replacing incorporation. Two enzyme activities are primarily involved in keeping DNA uracil-free: dUTPase (dUTP pyrophosphatase) activity that prevent thymine-replacing incorporation and uracil-DNA glycosylase activity that excise uracil from DNA and initiate uracil-excision repair. Both dUTPase and the most efficient uracil-DNA glycosylase (UNG) is thought to be ubiquitous in free-living organisms. In the present work, we have systematically investigated the genotype of deposited fully sequenced bacterial and Archaeal genomes. We have performed bioinformatic searches in these genomes using the already well described dUTPase and UNG gene sequences. For dUTPases, we have included the trimeric all-beta and the dimeric all-alpha families and also, the bifunctional dCTP (deoxycytidine triphosphate) deaminase-dUTPase sequences. Surprisingly, we have found that in contrast to the generally held opinion, a wide number of bacterial and Archaeal species lack all of the previously described dUTPase gene(s). The dut– genotype is present in diverse bacterial phyla indicating that loss of this (or these) gene(s) has occurred multiple times during evolution. We discuss potential survival strategies in lack of dUTPases, such as simultaneous lack or inhibition of UNG and possession of exogenous or alternate metabolic enzymes involved in uracil-DNA metabolism. The potential that genes previously not associated with dUTPase activity may still encode enzymes capable of hydrolyzing dUTP is also discussed. Our data indicate that several unicellular microorganisms may efficiently cope with a dut– genotype lacking all of the previously described dUTPase genes, and potentially leading to an unusual uracil-enrichment in their genomic DNA.

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“…The situations where enzymatic conversion of DNA cytosine to uracil is known to occur, are: (1) Following sensing of virus DNA in the cytoplasm [27,28]; and (2) under programmed conditions in the humoral immune response [29,30]. In addition, relevant as regards unusually high concentrations of DNA uracil: Viruses such as HIV-1 appear to involve a uracil-DNA stage prior to retroviral integration [31][32][33]; and, certain bacteriophages comprise thymine-free uracil-DNA genomes [34][35][36][37]. In all cases, cellular Ung in concert with AP-endonuclease would act as a potent restriction enzyme upon invading uracil-rich pathogen DNA [38].…”

Section: Uracil-dna Glycosylase Can Also Contribute To Irreversible Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Essential Co-Option of Uracil-DNA Glycosylases by Herpesviruses Invites Novel Antiviral Design

Savva

2020

Microorganisms

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Vast evolutionary distances separate the known herpesviruses, adapted to colonise specialised cells in predominantly vertebrate hosts. Nevertheless, the distinct herpesvirus families share recognisably related genomic attributes. The taxonomic Family Herpesviridae includes many important human and animal pathogens. Successful antiviral drugs targeting Herpesviridae are available, but the need for reduced toxicity and improved efficacy in critical healthcare interventions invites novel solutions: immunocompromised patients presenting particular challenges. A conserved enzyme required for viral fitness is Ung, a uracil-DNA glycosylase, which is encoded ubiquitously in Herpesviridae genomes and also host cells. Research investigating Ung in Herpesviridae dynamics has uncovered an unexpected combination of viral co-option of host Ung, along with remarkable Subfamily-specific exaptation of the virus-encoded Ung. These enzymes apparently play essential roles, both in the maintenance of viral latency and during initiation of lytic replication. The ubiquitously conserved Ung active site has previously been explored as a therapeutic target. However, exquisite selectivity and better drug-like characteristics might instead be obtained via targeting structural variations within another motif of catalytic importance in Ung. The motif structure is unique within each Subfamily and essential for viral survival. This unique signature in highly conserved Ung constitutes an attractive exploratory target for the development of novel beneficial therapeutics.

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Intragenus generalized transduction in Staphylococcus spp. by a novel giant phage

Cited by 47 publications

References 19 publications

Intra- and inter-generic transfer of pathogenicity island-encoded virulence genes by cos phages

Intra- and inter-generic transfer of pathogenicity island-encoded virulence genes by cos phages

Life without dUTPase

The Essential Co-Option of Uracil-DNA Glycosylases by Herpesviruses Invites Novel Antiviral Design

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