Intrahousehold Transmission of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus, Victoria, Australia

Gemert, Caroline van; Hellard, Margaret; McBryde, Emma S.; Fielding, James E; Spelman, Tim; Higgins, Nasra; Lester, Rosemary; Vally, Hassan; Bergeri, Isabel

doi:10.3201/eid1709.101948

Cited by 17 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Eleven studies recorded infection rates among household contacts that received antiviral prophylaxis, 19,23,24,27,28,32–34,36,44,46 but only one study reported the prophylaxis group to be more susceptible to pH1N1 (eFigure 3, http://links.lww.com). One study reported seasonal influenza vaccination history to have no effect on the SIR, 45 while three studies 24,30,35 reported elevated SIRs among people who had been vaccinated for seasonal influenza.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…35,39 Among these, two studies with differing SIRs (estimated SIR PCR of 33% and 15%) were reported from Victoria, Australia at similar times. 29,44 The study with the larger SIR estimate recruited subjects by 31 August 2009 while the other ended on 3 June 2009; the proportion of child index cases (aged ≥5 years) was 86% in the study with SIR PCR =15%, compared with 37% in the other study. These are consistent with our findings from meta-regression (Table 2); the smaller SIR PCR in studies with a greater proportion of child index cases may also suggest case ascertainment bias.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Household Transmission of 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1)

et al. 2012

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Background During the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic, household transmission studies were implemented to understand better the characteristics of the transmission of the novel virus in a confined setting. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess and summarize the findings of these studies. We identified 27 articles, around half of which reported studies conducted in May and June 2009. Results In 13 of the 27 studies (48%) that collected respiratory specimens from household contacts, point estimates of the risk of secondary infection ranged from 3 to 38%, with substantial heterogeneity. Meta-regression analyses revealed that a part of the heterogeneity reflected varying case ascertainment and study designs. The estimates of symptomatic secondary infection risk, based on 20 studies identifying febrile acute respiratory illness among household contacts, also showed substantial variability, with point estimates ranging from 4% to 37%. Conclusions Transmission of the 2009 pandemic virus in households appeared to vary in different countries and settings, with differences in estimates of the secondary infection risk also partly due to differences in study designs.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Household Transmission of 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1)

et al. 2012

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“…Figure 1 presents a flow chart of the selection process. The selected reports included outbreak analyses from the following countries: Australia [10], [12]–[14], Canada [15]–[18], Chile [19], China [20]–[22], Finland [23], France [24]–[27], Germany [28], [29],Hong Kong [30], [31], India [32], Japan [33]–[35], Kenya [36], Republic of Korea [37], Netherlands [7], New Zealand [38], Taiwan [39], United Kingdom (UK) [6], [40]–[45], and the United States (USA) [8], [9], [11], [38], [46]–[55]. Four reports provided analysis related to one outbreak in the USA [8], [9], [11], [51].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attack Rates Assessment of the 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza A in Children and Their Contacts: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

et al. 2012

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BackgroundThe recent H1N1 influenza A pandemic was marked by multiple reports of illness and hospitalization in children, suggesting that children may have played a major role in the propagation of the virus. A comprehensive detailed analysis of the attack rates among children as compared with their contacts in various settings is of great importance for understanding their unique role in influenza pandemics.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe searched MEDLINE (PubMed) and Embase for published studies reporting outbreak investigations with direct measurements of attack rates of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A among children, and quantified how these compare with those of their contacts. We identified 50 articles suitable for review, which reported school, household, travel and social events. The selected reports and our meta-analysis indicated that children had significantly higher attack rates as compared to adults, and that this phenomenon was observed for both virologically confirmed and clinical cases, in various settings and locations around the world. The review also provided insight into some characteristics of transmission between children and their contacts in the various settings.Conclusion/SignificanceThe consistently higher attack rates of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A among children, as compared to adults, as well as the magnitude of the difference is important for understanding the contribution of children to disease burden, for implementation of mitigation strategies directed towards children, as well as more precise mathematical modeling and simulation of future influenza pandemics.

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“…Household transmission of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 has the potential to trigger acommunity transmission and even a nationwide pandemic[7]. Previous studies have demonstrated that household transmission has accounted for up to 40% of all cases detected[12], and the occurrence of confirmed infection was >5% via close household contacts in Beijing[13]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Associated with Household Transmission of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 among Self-Quarantined Patients in Beijing, China

et al. 2013

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As the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 progressed, the Ministry of Health of China advised cases with mild symptoms to remain home for isolation and observation, which may have increased the risk for infection among other household members. Describing the transmission characteristics of this novel virus is indispensable to effectively controlling the spread of disease; thus, the aim of this study was to assess risk factors associated with household transmission of pandemic H1N1 from self-quarantined patients in Beijing, the capital city of China. A 1:2 case-control study with 54 case households and 108 control households was conducted between August 1 and September 30, 2009 in Beijing. Cases were households with a self-quarantined index patient and a secondary case, while controls were households with a self-quarantined index patient and a close contact. Controls were also matched to cases for sex and age of index case-patient. A structured interview guide was used to collect the data. Conditional logistical models were employed to estimate Odds Ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results indicated that higher education level (OR 0.42; 95% CI 0.22-0.83), sharing room with an index case-patient (OR 3.29; 95%CI 1.23-8.78), daily room ventilation (OR 0.28; 95%CI 0.08-0.93), and hand washing ≥3/d (OR 0.71; 95%CI 0.48-0.94) were related to the household transmission of pandemic H1N1 from self-quarantined patients. These results highlight that health education, as well as the quarantine of the index case-patient immediately after infection, frequent hand hygiene, and ventilation are critical to mitigating household spread of pandemic H1N1 virus and minimizing its impact. Household contacts should be educated to promote these in-home practices to contain transmission, particularly when household members are quarantined at home.

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Intrahousehold Transmission of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus, Victoria, Australia

Abstract: TOC Summary: Antiviral prophylaxis for quarantined contacts reduces secondary transmission.

Cited by 17 publications

References 23 publications

Household Transmission of 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1)

Household Transmission of 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1)

Attack Rates Assessment of the 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza A in Children and Their Contacts: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Factors Associated with Household Transmission of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 among Self-Quarantined Patients in Beijing, China

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