Intralesional Immunotherapy of Warts With Mumps, Candida, and Trichophyton Skin Test Antigens

Horn, Thomas; Johnson, Sandra Marchese; Helm, Ricki M.; Roberson, Paula K.

doi:10.1001/archderm.141.5.589

Cited by 185 publications

(240 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The therapeutic response to intralesional MMR vaccine in our study was much higher than that reported by Kus et al 17 (29.4%), Clifton et al 18 (47%), King et al 19 (50%), Signore 20 (51%) and Horn et al 21 (53%), slightly higher than that reported by Johnson and Horn 22 (70.9%), similar to that reported by Phillips et al 23 (72%) and slightly lower than that reported by Johnson et al 24 (74%) , Brunk 25 (85%), Gupta et al 26 (88.9%) and Maronn et al 27 (87%). The presence of three synergistic viral antigens in MMR vaccine that could be associated with higher stimulation of the immune system may explain the relatively higher response in our study as compared to most of the related studies which utilize either a single antigen [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] or a combination of antigens. 19,22 The exact mechanism of action of intralesional immunotherapy is still obscure.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 69%

“…No swelling, redness, or pruritus at the site of the injection was observed in the present study as compared to some other related studies. 21,22,24 No serious side effects were reported in patients included in this study. Regarding the number of warts, we found a significant better response in multiple lesions than in single ones.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…17 Intralesional immunotherapy has been shown to be associated with release of different cytokines such as IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, INF-c and TNF-a that stimulate a strong immune response against HPV. 21,26 Intralesional immunotherapy is usually associated with mild insignificant side effects such as flu like symptoms, edema, erythema, itching and pain at the site of injection. 3 In the case of MMR vaccine, tolerable pain at the injection site was the main side effect observed in 18 (36%) patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Measles, mumps and rubella vaccine as an intralesional immunotherapy in treatment of warts

2016

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 69%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measles, mumps and rubella vaccine as an intralesional immunotherapy in treatment of warts

2016

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“…8 Antigens used for intralesional immunotherapy include tuberculin, BCG, mumps, candida and trichophyton and MMR. [9][10][11][12] The results of this study showed that at the end of the study, in the MMR group 43 (49.43%) patients had >75 % improvement out of which 23 (26.44%) patients had complete resolution of the lesions. Nofal and Nofal in 2010 observed complete response with intralesional MMR vaccine in 80% of patients of common warts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A prospective randomized open label comparative study of efficacy and safety of intralesional measles, mumps, rubella vaccine versus 100% trichloroacetic acid application in the treatment of common warts

Saini

Dogra

2016

Int J Res Med Sci

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“…The idea of using Candida skin testing reagent as a novel vaccine adjuvant came about from observations that intralesional injections of recall antigens result in common wart regression (48)(49)(50)(51)(52)(53)(54). Traditionally, recall antigens, which typically include a panel derived from Candida, mumps virus, and Trichophyton, were used as a control to indicate intact cell-mediated immunity in patients (48)(49)(50)(51)(52)54).…”

Section: De Novo Immune Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-Reactivity, Epitope Spreading, andDe NovoImmune Stimulation Are Possible Mechanisms of Cross-Protection of Nonvaccine Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Types in Recipients of HPV Therapeutic Vaccines

Nakagawa

Greenfield

Moerman-Herzog

et al. 2015

Clin. Vaccine Immunol.

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Numerous versions of human papillomavirus (HPV) therapeutic vaccines designed to treat individuals with established HPV infection, including those with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN),H uman papillomavirus (HPV) is best known as the causative agent of cervical cancer, the fourth most common cancer among women globally. This is the case despite advances in screening techniques and the availability of approved prophylactic vaccines. Every year in the United States, there are 12,360 new cases of cervical cancer and 4,020 deaths (1). High-risk HPV types associated with the development of malignancies have been linked to 90 to 93% of anal cancers, 12 to 63% of oropharyngeal cancers, 36 to 40% of penile cancers, 40 to 64% of vaginal cancers, and 40 to 51% of vulvar cancers (2). Overall, HPV is estimated to be responsible for 5.2% of the worldwide cancer burden (3). Of note, the incidence of HPV-associated anal and oropharyngeal cancers is increasing in the United States (4).The designation of papillomaviruses as the family Papillomaviridae was created in the seventh report of the International Committee for the Taxonomy of Viruses (5). The papillomaviruses were further divided into genera by assigning Greek letters and into species by Roman numerals (6). For example, HPV-16, -31, -33, -35, -52, -58, and -67 belong to genus alpha, species 9 (␣9) (6). The circular double-stranded-DNA genomes of papillomaviruses are approximately 8 kb in size and commonly encode 8 proteins (6). The L1 gene encodes a major capsid protein, while the L2 gene encodes a minor capsid protein. A more traditional designation of HPV types was based on the nucleotide sequence of the L1 gene. A designation of a new type was created whenever a full-length papillomavirus clone was described which was at least 10% dissimilar from any other known papillomavirus type (6).Currently, three effective HPV prophylactic vaccines are commercially available, all of which contain HPV L1 proteins that are capable of forming viruslike particles (VLPs). Gardasil (Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA), a quadrivalent HPV VLP prophylactic vaccine containing the L1 proteins of HPV-16, -18, -6, and -11, was the first to be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), in 2006. Cervarix (GalaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium), a bivalent version containing the L1 proteins of HPV-16 and -18, was approved 3 years later in the United States. Gardasil 9 (Merck), which includes L1 VLPs from HPV-16, -18, -31, -33, -45, -52, -59, -6, and -11, was approved by the FDA in late 2014. Gardasil and Cervarix were designed to prevent 70% of cervical, vulvar, vaginal, and anal cancer cases caused by HPV-16 and -18, while Gardasil 9 was designed to prevent approximately 90% of such cases. HPV types associated with the development of malignancy are regarded as high risk. On the other hand, HPV-6 and -11, which are included in Gardasil and Gardasil 9, are considered low risk and are associated with the development of genital warts. While Gardasil and Gardasil ...

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Intralesional Immunotherapy of Warts With Mumps, Candida, and Trichophyton Skin Test Antigens

Cited by 185 publications

References 19 publications

Measles, mumps and rubella vaccine as an intralesional immunotherapy in treatment of warts

Measles, mumps and rubella vaccine as an intralesional immunotherapy in treatment of warts

A prospective randomized open label comparative study of efficacy and safety of intralesional measles, mumps, rubella vaccine versus 100% trichloroacetic acid application in the treatment of common warts

Cross-Reactivity, Epitope Spreading, andDe NovoImmune Stimulation Are Possible Mechanisms of Cross-Protection of Nonvaccine Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Types in Recipients of HPV Therapeutic Vaccines

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