Intralesional tuberculin for treatment of refractory warts

Measles, mumps and rubella vaccine as an intralesional immunotherapy in treatment of warts

“…The therapeutic response to intralesional MMR vaccine in our study was much higher than that reported by Kus et al 17 (29.4%), Clifton et al 18 (47%), King et al 19 (50%), Signore 20 (51%) and Horn et al 21 (53%), slightly higher than that reported by Johnson and Horn 22 (70.9%), similar to that reported by Phillips et al 23 (72%) and slightly lower than that reported by Johnson et al 24 (74%) , Brunk 25 (85%), Gupta et al 26 (88.9%) and Maronn et al 27 (87%). The presence of three synergistic viral antigens in MMR vaccine that could be associated with higher stimulation of the immune system may explain the relatively higher response in our study as compared to most of the related studies which utilize either a single antigen [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] or a combination of antigens. 19,22 The exact mechanism of action of intralesional immunotherapy is still obscure.…”

“…24,26 It has also been suggested that the trauma itself, or the bystander effect, may cause wart clearance in previously sensitized individuals. 17 Intralesional immunotherapy has been shown to be associated with release of different cytokines such as IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, INF-c and TNF-a that stimulate a strong immune response against HPV. 21,26 Intralesional immunotherapy is usually associated with mild insignificant side effects such as flu like symptoms, edema, erythema, itching and pain at the site of injection.…”

A comparative study between intralesional PPD and vitamin D3 in treatment of viral warts

“…Kus et al used intralesional tuberculin injection in 18 patients he showed complete clearance in 5 (29%) patients, partial response in 10 (59%) patients, and no response in 2 (12%) patients. 26 We also witnessed that there was complete clearance of warts at anatomically distant site at the same time of disappearance of the injected wart. Thus the immune response is not restricted to the site of the injection.…”

A prospective randomized open label comparative study of efficacy and safety of intralesional measles, mumps, rubella vaccine versus 100% trichloroacetic acid application in the treatment of common warts

“…8 Antigens used for intralesional immunotherapy include tuberculin, BCG, mumps, candida and trichophyton and MMR. [9][10][11][12] The results of this study showed that at the end of the study, in the MMR group 43 (49.43%) patients had >75 % improvement out of which 23 (26.44%) patients had complete resolution of the lesions. Nofal and Nofal in 2010 observed complete response with intralesional MMR vaccine in 80% of patients of common warts.…”