Intramuscular venous malformations of the calf: Surgical treatment outcomes of 57 patients

Abstract

Objectives To report the outcomes of surgical treatment of calf intramuscular venous malformations (IMVMs) on pain, functional limitation, and quality of life. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 57 consecutive patients who had surgery for IMVM of the posterior compartment of the leg between 2010 and 2015. Treatments were all done at a single institution. Results Patients presented with pain (52), muscle contracture (14), or pulmonary embolism (4). Muscle involvement included the soleus muscle (n = 28, 49%), the gastrocnemius muscle (n = 25, 43%), and deep muscles (n = 4, 7%). Complete excision was possible in 52 patients (91%) and partial excision in 5 (9%). Thirty-five of 46 patients who had an MRI follow-up at six months had no residual venous malformation. At the final follow-up (mean 39 months), 32 of 40 patients seen had no residual pain and 37 had no residual functional impairment. Conclusion In cases where IMVM is located in one muscle in the leg, we demonstrated that surgery yielded improvement in pain, function, and quality of life.

Successful Management of a Rare Manifestation of Intramuscular Venous Malformation in a Young Adult: A Case Report

“…Delayed diagnosis of this condition is due to its involved sites being invisible and its presentation with obscure symptoms. An accurate diagnosis of the VMs though can be made with a Doppler ultrasound coupled with an MRI of the affected extremity [7]. Treatment of the condition includes observation and active surveillance of asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic lesions, sclerotherapy, or surgical resection of the VMs [4].…”

The effects of surgical treatment and sclerotherapy for intramuscular venous malformations: a comparative clinical study

“…The high morbidity and recurrence rates of VMs make the selection of appropriate treatment methods difficult, and this is further complicated by the fact that IMVM lesions typically occur in the deep tissues and are therefore difficult to diagnose by visual inspection [ 8 ]. Therefore, vascular anomalies are typically identified using DUS, and any involvement of surrounding soft tissues and the IMVM lesion size and depth are determined using MRI [ 9 ]. Accurate diagnosis of lesions using DUS and MRI helps determine the appropriate treatment protocols.…”

How we approach localized vascular anomalies

“…Background VM are the most common type of vascular malformation, with an incidence of 1-2 per 10,000 births (2). VMs are typically located in the skin or mucosa, but can involve subcutaneous tissue, muscles, joints, nerves, and internal organs (4,5,8). Most commonly, VMs present as soft subcutaneous masses with bluish colored overlying skin.…”