Intranasal Absorption of Flurazepam, Midazolam, and Triazolam in Dogs

Lui, Chung Y.; Amidon, Gordon L.; Goldberg, Arthur H.

doi:10.1002/jps.2600801207

Cited by 24 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…When the diltiazem solution was given 1–2 h after administration of midazolam, the mean AUC ratio of midazolam was 1.0–1.1. Results from a previous study indicate that the absorption of midazolam is rapid, and the t max values following oral administration range from 15 to 45 min, with a mean of 30 min in dogs 26. Additionally, from the plasma level profiles of midazolam obtained during the present study, it is suggested that midazolam is rapidly absorbed within 1 h after oral administration (Figure 2).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 68%

Timed‐release formulation to avoid drug–drug interaction between diltiazem and midazolam

Sawada¹,

Sako²,

Yoshihara³

et al. 2003

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 68%

Timed‐release formulation to avoid drug–drug interaction between diltiazem and midazolam

Sawada¹,

Sako²,

Yoshihara³

et al. 2003

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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“…These have shown that IN-MDZ is an effective and safe medication within the hospital and home settings. 18,[26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] In dogs, only pharmacokinetic studies have been performed and showed that DZP, 20,39 MDZ, 40,41 triazolam, and flurazepam 41 were efficiently absorbed and rapidly reached maximum serum concentrations after IN administration. To our knowledge, this study is the first clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of IN administration of a benzodiazepine in dogs with status epilepticus.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Intranasal Midazolam versus Rectal Diazepam for the Management of Canine Status Epilepticus: A Multicenter Randomized Parallel‐Group Clinical Trial

Charalambous

Bhatti

Ham

et al. 2017

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundIntranasal administration of benzodiazepines has shown superiority over rectal administration for terminating emergency epileptic seizures in human trials. No such clinical trials have been performed in dogs.ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical efficacy of intranasal midazolam (IN‐MDZ), via a mucosal atomization device, as a first‐line management option for canine status epilepticus and compare it to rectal administration of diazepam (R‐DZP) for controlling status epilepticus before intravenous access is available.AnimalsClient‐owned dogs with idiopathic or structural epilepsy manifesting status epilepticus within a hospital environment were used. Dogs were randomly allocated to treatment with IN‐MDZ (n = 20) or R‐DZP (n = 15).MethodsRandomized parallel‐group clinical trial. Seizure cessation time and adverse effects were recorded. For each dog, treatment was considered successful if the seizure ceased within 5 minutes and did not recur within 10 minutes after administration. The 95% confidence interval was used to detect the true population of dogs that were successfully treated. The Fisher's 2‐tailed exact test was used to compare the 2 groups, and the results were considered statistically significant if P < .05.ResultsIN‐MDZ and R‐DZP terminated status epilepticus in 70% (14/20) and 20% (3/15) of cases, respectively (P = .0059). All dogs showed sedation and ataxia.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceIN‐MDZ is a quick, safe and effective first‐line medication for controlling status epilepticus in dogs and appears superior to R‐DZP. IN‐MDZ might be a valuable treatment option when intravenous access is not available and for treatment of status epilepticus in dogs at home.

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“…A similar study by Lui et al to assess intranasal absorption of flurazepam, midazolam, and triazolam in dogs confirmed that these drugs could cross the nasal mucosa without using any absorption enhancer and would be absorbed into the systemic circulation (22). Intranasal absorption is rapid and its peak concentration is higher in comparison to oral route (21, 22).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Intranasal absorption is rapid and its peak concentration is higher in comparison to oral route (21, 22). This method of delivery might be useful for rapid onset of hypnotic action (21, 22). Therefore, in this study, the VO was administered intranasally to be more effective and achieve faster therapeutic effects with lower doses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of Viola odorata in Treatment of Chronic Insomnia

Feyzabadi

Jafari

Kamali

et al. 2014

Iran Red Crescent Med J

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Background:Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder that reduces quality of life.Objectives:Due to side effects of hypnotic drug and the increasing demand for alternative medicine substitutes, violet oil (VO) was used in this study. VO is a known medication in Iranian traditional medicine that induces sleep in insomniac patients.Patients and Methods:This study was conducted as an experimental pretest-posttest evaluation on VO efficacy in 50 patients with chronic insomnia in Iranian Traditional Medicine Clinic of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Treatment consisted of intranasal drop of VO, two drops containing 66 mg of VO in each nostril nightly before sleeping for one month. All patients were asked to complete an Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) questionnaire before the start of the trial and after one month of treatment.Results:Improvements in sleep and ISI scores were significantly greater in patients after a month receiving VO drop in comparison with before starting treatment (P < 0.05). A few patients reported some complications about VO consumption, most of which were mild and no serious adverse event was encountered.Conclusions:VO can be presented as a safe, well-tolerated, and effective herbal preparation in patients with chronic insomnia.

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Intranasal Absorption of Flurazepam, Midazolam, and Triazolam in Dogs

Cited by 24 publications

References 15 publications

Timed‐release formulation to avoid drug–drug interaction between diltiazem and midazolam

Timed‐release formulation to avoid drug–drug interaction between diltiazem and midazolam

Intranasal Midazolam versus Rectal Diazepam for the Management of Canine Status Epilepticus: A Multicenter Randomized Parallel‐Group Clinical Trial

Efficacy of Viola odorata in Treatment of Chronic Insomnia

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