Intranasal cocaine use does not appear to be an independent risk factor for HCV infection

Galperim, Bruno; Cheinquer, Hugo; Stein, Airton Tetelbom; Fonseca, André Salvador Kazantzi; Lunge, Vagner Ricardo; Ikuta, Nilo

doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00761.x

Cited by 19 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Risk levels appear to vary substantially by location [5,6,24-26]. HCV prevalence in non-injecting drug users range from 2% to 38% in different parts of the world [3,8,11,27-29]. Epidemiological studies of illicit-drug users in the Northeast, Midwest, South and Southeast regions of Brazil (including both injecting and non-injecting drug users) have recorded prevalence of HCV infection between 5% and 36% [9-14].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological aspects of HCV infection in non-injecting drug users in the Brazilian state of Pará, eastern Amazon

Filho

Sawada

Pinto

et al. 2014

Virol J

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BackgroundCurrently, sharing of drug paraphernalia is the main form of HCV transmission worldwide. In South America, consistent findings indicate that shared sniffing equipment is an important factor in the spread of HCV among non-injecting drug users. Epidemiological data on the status of HCV infection in illicit drug users in the Amazon region are scarce, although reports of clinical cases of hepatitis or pathologies associated with HCV infection in other population groups are numerous. Thereby, this study investigated the prevalence, genotype frequency, and epidemiological factors associated with HCV infection in non-injecting drug users in the state of Pará, eastern Amazon.ResultsDuring 2008–2011, 300 non-injecting drug users attending drug-treatment centers participated in this study. Most non-injecting drug users were male (63.7%). The mean age was 32.5 years. The non-injecting drugs most consumed were: cannabis (15.6%), cocaine paste (21.3%), and oxi cocaine (25.7%). Tobacco (60.9%) and alcohol (79.4%) were also commonly consumed. One hundred six (35.1%; CI 95%: 29.8 - 41.1) non-injecting drug users presented anti-HCV antibodies by EIA. The HCV-RNA prevalence was 28.0% (95% CI: 20.6 - 35.8). Genotypes 1 (76.9%) and 3 (23.1%) of HCV have been identified. A multivariate analysis demonstrated that HCV infection was independently associated with the following factors: “age (≥ 35 years)”, “tattoos”, “use of a needle or syringe sterilized at home”, “shared use of drug paraphernalia”, “uses drugs for more than 5 years”, and “use of drugs everyday”.ConclusionsThis study revealed a high prevalence of HCV infection in non-injecting drug users, and most infections are occasioned by genotype 1. Likely, HCV transmission is associated with the tattoos, the use of needle or syringe sterilized at home by people over the age of 35 years, and sharing, time and frequency of use of non-injecting drugs. These findings should serve as an incentive for the establishment of a program of Hepatitis C prevention and control by the local public-health authorities in order to develop effective policies and strategies for contain the spread of HCV infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological aspects of HCV infection in non-injecting drug users in the Brazilian state of Pará, eastern Amazon

Filho

Sawada

Pinto

et al. 2014

Virol J

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“…In the general population, 21 as well as in groups of intranasal cocaine users 53 and alcohol abusers, 54 injection drug use has been shown to be an established risk factor for HCV infection. In our study, this association was clearly demonstrated in patients on HD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis C in hemodialysis: the contribution of injection drug use

et al. 2010

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Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the most common cause of acute or chronic hepatitis in patients on hemodialysis (HD). The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence of positive HCV RNA and investigate injection drug use as an emerging risk factor in patients with chronic renal disease on HD. Methods: This was a multicenter cross-sectional study with 325 patients with chronic renal disease on HD in the period between August 1, 2005 to August 30, 2006, receiving care at four institutions in the city of Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil. Epidemiological data were collected by means of a structured questionnaire. The following laboratory tests were performed: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), anti-hepatitis C virus antibodies (anti-HCV), and qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Of 325 patients, 68 had positive HCV RNA results. The comparison between patients with positive and negative PCR results revealed signifi cant differences in duration of HD (mean = 71 versus 52.4 months; p = 0.02); previous blood transfusion (92% versus 72%; p < 0.01); injection drug use (13% versus 0.7%; p < 0.01); anti-HCV positivity at start of HD therapy (60% versus 4%; p < 0.01); and mean ALT value (39 versus 26.5; p < 0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed a positive HCV RNA independently associated to being on HD for more than fi ve years [OR: 2.1 (95% CI 1.2 -3.8)]; previous blood transfusion [OR: 3.7 (95% CI 1.4 -9.5)]; and injection drug use [OR: 22.6 (95% CI 4.2 -119.6)]. Conclusion: Injection drug use was an independent risk factor for HCV infection among chronic renal disease patients on HD.

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“…We found 28 published reports that met our criteria (Allwright et al, 2000;Baozhang et al, 1997;Broers et al, 1998;Chang et al, 1999;Denis et al, 2000;Feldman et al, 2000;Fuller et al, 2004;Galperim et al, 2004;Garten et al, 2004;Gyarmathy et al, 2002;Harsch et al, 2000;Hershow et al, 1998;Howe et al, 2005;Koblin et al, 2003;Lai et al, 2001;Maayan et al, 1994;Mathei et al, 2005;Njoh et al, 1997;Nyamathi et al, 2002;Quaglio et al 2003a;Quaglio et al 2003b;Santana Rodriguez et al, 1998;Shrestha et al, 1998;Strasfeld et al, 2003;Tortu et al, 2001;Tortu et al, 2004;Van Ameijden et al, 1993;Ward et al, 2000). One report included two separate studies, both of which were included (Tortu et al, 2001) and which appear in Table 1 in two separate rows; two reports were by the same author and indicated the same overall seroprevalence and sample size, therefore we counted this as one study (Quaglio et al 2003a(Quaglio et al & 2003b.…”

Section: Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Non-injection drug use and Hepatitis C Virus: A systematic review

Scheinmann

Hagan

Leluţiu-Weinberger

et al. 2007

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

170

121

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This systematic review examined the evidence on the prevalence of the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) in non-injecting drug users (NIDUs) who sniff, smoke or snort drugs such as heroin, cocaine, crack or methamphetamine. The search included studies published from January 1989 to January 2006. Twenty-eight eligible studies were identified and the prevalence of HCV in these NIDU populations ranged from 2.3% to 35.3%. There was substantial variation in study focus and in the quality of the NIDU data presented in the studies. The results of our systematic review suggested that there are important gaps in the research of HCV in NIDUs. We identified a problem of study focus; much of the research did not aim to study HCV in users of non-injection drugs. Instead, NIDUs were typically included as a secondary research concern, with a principal focus on the problem of transmission of HCV in IDU populations. Despite methodological issues, HCV prevalence in this population is much higher than in a non-drug using population, even though some IDUs might have inadvertently been included in the NIDU samples. These studies point to a real problem of HCV in NIDU populations, but the causal pathway to infection remains unclear.

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Intranasal cocaine use does not appear to be an independent risk factor for HCV infection

Cited by 19 publications

References 14 publications

Epidemiological aspects of HCV infection in non-injecting drug users in the Brazilian state of Pará, eastern Amazon

Epidemiological aspects of HCV infection in non-injecting drug users in the Brazilian state of Pará, eastern Amazon

Hepatitis C in hemodialysis: the contribution of injection drug use

Non-injection drug use and Hepatitis C Virus: A systematic review

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