“…Likewise, in rats with seizures, NLCs (IN) improved behavioral abnormalities, decreased malondialdehyde, and increased glutathione in the brain as compared with drug solution (IN and oral). Hasan et al developed SLNs loaded with naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist used to treat opioid overdose [ 132 ]. The drug was radiolabeled with 99m Tc, and gamma scintigraphy and biodistribution studies in rats showed better deposition of naloxone in the brain for SLNs (IN) than for drug solution (IN).…”
Section: In Vivo Evaluations Of Sln and Nlc-based Formulations For No...mentioning
Nose-to-brain drug delivery has been of great interest for the treatment of many central nervous system (CNS) diseases and psychiatric disorders over past decades. Several nasally administered formulations have been developed to circumvent the blood-brain barrier and directly deliver drugs to the CNS through the olfactory and trigeminal pathways. However, the nasal mucosa’s drug absorption is insufficient and the volume of the nasal cavity is small, which, in combination, make nose-to-brain drug delivery challenging. These problems could be minimized using formulations based on solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) or nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), which are effective nose-to-brain drug delivery systems that improve drug bioavailability by increasing drug solubility and permeation, extending drug action, and reducing enzymatic degradation. Various research groups have reported in vivo pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of SLNs and NLCs nose-to-brain delivery systems. This review was undertaken to provide an overview of these studies and highlight research performed on SLN and NLC-based formulations aimed at improving the treatment of CNS diseases such neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. We discuss the efficacies and brain targeting efficiencies of these formulations based on considerations of their pharmacokinetic parameters and toxicities, point out some gaps in current knowledge, and propose future developmental targets.
“…Likewise, in rats with seizures, NLCs (IN) improved behavioral abnormalities, decreased malondialdehyde, and increased glutathione in the brain as compared with drug solution (IN and oral). Hasan et al developed SLNs loaded with naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist used to treat opioid overdose [ 132 ]. The drug was radiolabeled with 99m Tc, and gamma scintigraphy and biodistribution studies in rats showed better deposition of naloxone in the brain for SLNs (IN) than for drug solution (IN).…”
Section: In Vivo Evaluations Of Sln and Nlc-based Formulations For No...mentioning
Nose-to-brain drug delivery has been of great interest for the treatment of many central nervous system (CNS) diseases and psychiatric disorders over past decades. Several nasally administered formulations have been developed to circumvent the blood-brain barrier and directly deliver drugs to the CNS through the olfactory and trigeminal pathways. However, the nasal mucosa’s drug absorption is insufficient and the volume of the nasal cavity is small, which, in combination, make nose-to-brain drug delivery challenging. These problems could be minimized using formulations based on solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) or nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), which are effective nose-to-brain drug delivery systems that improve drug bioavailability by increasing drug solubility and permeation, extending drug action, and reducing enzymatic degradation. Various research groups have reported in vivo pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of SLNs and NLCs nose-to-brain delivery systems. This review was undertaken to provide an overview of these studies and highlight research performed on SLN and NLC-based formulations aimed at improving the treatment of CNS diseases such neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. We discuss the efficacies and brain targeting efficiencies of these formulations based on considerations of their pharmacokinetic parameters and toxicities, point out some gaps in current knowledge, and propose future developmental targets.
“…These nanocarriers are slightly different from SLNs because they contain liquid lipid, which remains absent in the former [ 90 , 98 ]. Additionally, due to its unique structural orientation- disordered structures of these nanocarriers enable the load of the higher drug without the leakage of the drug throughout the systemic circulation, which has been the main issue reported with the SLNs and other nanocarriers [ 99 , 100 ]. Therefore, various NLCs formulations have been designed for antibacterial efficacy.…”
Section: Nanotechnology To Overcome Antimicrobial Resistancementioning
Antibiotic resistance has become a threat to microbial therapies nowadays. The conventional approaches possess several limitations to combat microbial infections. Therefore, to overcome such complications, novel drug delivery systems have gained pharmaceutical scientists’ interest. Significant findings have validated the effectiveness of novel drug delivery systems such as polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, metallic nanoparticles, dendrimers, and lipid-based nanoparticles against severe microbial infections and combating antimicrobial resistance. This review article comprises the specific mechanism of antibiotic resistance development in bacteria. In addition, the manuscript incorporated the advanced nanotechnological approaches with their mechanisms, including interaction with the bacterial cell wall, inhibition of biofilm formations, activation of innate and adaptive host immune response, generation of reactive oxygen species, and induction of intracellular effect to fight against antibiotic resistance. A section of this article demonstrated the findings related to the development of delivery systems. Lastly, the role of microfluidics in fighting antimicrobial resistance has been discussed. Overall, this review article is an amalgamation of various strategies to study the role of novel approaches and their mechanism to fight against the resistance developed to the antimicrobial therapies.
“…As an example of the use of SLNs for IN delivery, ~ 200 nm solid lipid nanoparticle naloxone nanocarriers fabricated using a combination of the lipid glyceryl monostearate (GMS, selected due to its ability to solubilize naloxone) and a combination of Pluronic F127 and Tween 80 surfactants were demonstrated to enable prolonged deposition in the nose and brain compared to an equivalent dose of labelled free NLX solution (Fig. 9 ) [ 146 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Nano-delivery Design For N2b Deliverymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…9 Pharmacoscintigraphy study showing intranasal nasal and brain retention of radiolabelled solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) loaded with naloxone (NLX): (upper) NLX-loaded SLN-NLX; (lower) NLX free solution. Adapted with permission from [ 146 ] …”
Section: Nano-delivery Design For N2b Deliverymentioning
While the intranasal administration of drugs to the brain has been gaining both research attention and regulatory success over the past several years, key fundamental and translational challenges remain to fully leveraging the promise of this drug delivery pathway for improving the treatment of various neurological and psychiatric illnesses. In response, this review highlights the current state of understanding of the nose-to-brain drug delivery pathway and how both biological and clinical barriers to drug transport using the pathway can been addressed, as illustrated by demonstrations of how currently approved intranasal sprays leverage these pathways to enable the design of successful therapies. Moving forward, aiming to better exploit the understanding of this fundamental pathway, we also outline the development of nanoparticle systems that show improvement in delivering approved drugs to the brain and how engineered nanoparticle formulations could aid in breakthroughs in terms of delivering emerging drugs and therapeutics while avoiding systemic adverse effects.
Graphical abstract
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