“…In contrast, liposomes require the inclusion of other immunostimulants or targeting molecules (e.g., cholera toxin B, interleukin-2, monophosphoryl lipid A) to bolster their efficacy as mucosal adjuvants. 14,15,21,29,37,[54][55][56] Also, the unique characteristics of archaeal polar lipids (ether bonds, saturated phytanyl chains, membrane spanning vesicle layer) confer better stability (no oxidation, resistance to phospholipases and bile salts, stability over a wide range of pH and in serum, and better thermal stability) to the archaeosomes/AMVAD system, compared with ester lipid liposomes and cochleates. 35,36,44,45,57,58 Further, AMVAD formulations are stable at 5°C for at least one year.…”