“…Opioid overdoses can be reversed by using the drug, naloxone. Naloxone is a competitive antagonist at the mu-opioid receptor that can be administered by many routes, including by bystanders and lay public via nasal spray ( Taylor & Lasser, 2024 ). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that, in 2019, a bystander was present in nearly 40% of opioid and stimulant overdose deaths ( O'Donnell et al, 2020 ).…”