Intraobserver Reliability and Construct Validity of the Squat Test in Children With Cerebral Palsy

Eken, Maaike M.; Dallmeijer, Annet J.; Buizer, Annemieke I.; Hogervorst, Saskia; Hutten, Kim van; Piening, M.; Krogt, Marjolein van der; Houdijk, Han

doi:10.1097/pep.0000000000000736

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The DST is used in other clinical settings and has been previously shown to have both validity and reliability in assessing strength in the lower limb for patients with cerebral palsy(CP) (14). The reliability of the DST from Ekens et al, (2020) (14) study cannot be generalised to patients with FAIS, insofar that the subjects were children with CP who were asked to perform two trials of 20 squats on the same day correlating squat pattern with leg strength. Furthermore, the reliability of the DST was judged on well executed squat rather than pain or restriction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The deep squat test has limited clinical utility for diagnosing symptomatic femoral acetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS): A systematic review

Wood

Newman

Batting

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Purpose:Passive pain provocation tests (PPPT) are commonly used to diagnose FAIS but do not reflect functional restrictions. The deep squat test (DST) is a functional, weight-bearing test, but the clinical utility of the DST is unclear. Objective:To examine the validity and reliability of the DST in patients with confirmed FAISMethod:A Systematic Review registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020199249). Seven databases; CINAHL, Cochrane, Embase, Medline, PubMed, SportDiscus and Web of Science, were searched up until December 2021. Data was extracted independently, and the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) tool was used to evaluate the risk of bias. Result:1137 abstracts were found; 1119 were excluded after screening and 18 underwent full test review, excluding a further 17, with one meeting the search criteria. No studies reported the reliability of the DST. One study (n=78 hips) investigated criterion-based validity: pain on DST indicated a positive test and was compared with MRI and MRA measures of FAIS. QUADAS score demonstrated low risk of bias. They concluded the DST had a modest potential to identify those with FAIS, but low specificity suggested the test may yield a high number of false positives. Conclusion: Physiotherapists should use the DST with caution. Single study evidence supports its use, but despite its common use, limited information is available about the DST and further investigation is required.Impact:Further studies are needed to examine validity and reliability, including evaluating the DST with higher alpha angles to determine whether diagnostic utility is improved.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The deep squat test has limited clinical utility for diagnosing symptomatic femoral acetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS): A systematic review

Wood

Newman

Batting

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…A previous study reported promising results for HHD measurement of knee extension strength in children with CP with GMFCS levels I-II [29]. The start position was an upright sitting position with the hip and knee joints at 90° and the upper limbs crossed in front of the chest [30]. The knee extension strength-to-body weight ratio (kgf/kg) of the dominant leg was calculated.…”

Section: Knee Extension Strengthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical activity is associated with walking and balance ability but not fatigue, knee extension strength, or body composition in adults with cerebral palsy: a pilot cross-sectional study

Sato,

Tashiro,

Fukumoto

et al. 2023

International Journal of Rehabilitation Research

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Common secondary impairments associated with aging in adults with cerebral palsy (CP) decrease physical functions, including walking and balance ability, and increase the sense of fatigue. This motor dysfunction results in decreased physical activity (PA) and could be associated with obesity and sarcopenia. This study examined the association of daily PA levels with fatigue, physical function, and body composition in 22 adults with CP (age, 37.4 ± 14.7 years; Gross Motor Function Classification System level, I: 6, II: 16). The level of daily PA was divided into percent of sedentary behavior, light PA, and moderate-to-vigorous PA (%MVPA) per day. These outcomes were examined for correlation with the Fatigue Severity Scale, knee extension strength, comfortable and maximum walking speed, Timed-Up-and-Go-Test (TUG), and body fat percentage and skeletal muscle mass using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. An additional partial correlation analysis with sex and age adjustment was performed. The %MVPA correlated positively with comfortable walking speed (rs = 0.424, P = 0.049) and negatively with TUG (rs = −0.493, P = 0.020). The partial correlation revealed associations of %MVPA with maximum walking speed (r = 0.604, P = 0.022) and TUG (r = −0.604, P = 0.022). The results show that among adults with CP, increased PA is associated with improvements in mobility but not in perceived fatigue or body composition, regardless of sex and age. Maintaining and improving %MVPA and walking and balance ability in adults with CP have a positive impact on each other, and potentially on overall health management.

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“…A comprehensive assessment of sensory abnormalities in CP children will eventually result in an appropriate course of treatment, which will further enhance motor function as well (3) . Various reliability studies were also conducted earlier in the search of a reliable outcome measure for CP children but most of them solely focused on one domain like the Upper Extremity function (4) , assessment of balance-related tests (5) , motor power (6) , gross motor function assessment, and gait assessment (7) . However, other than SOMH, no scale has been developed yet for the Indian CPs to evaluate sensory impairments (8) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability Assessment of Sensory Outcome Measure a New Developed Tool for Children with Cerebral Palsy

Singh¹,

Esht²,

Agarwal³

et al. 2023

IJST

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Objective: To investigate the reliability of a recently developed Tool, designed for Hypoxic Cerebral Palsy Children (HCPC) to assess sensory deficits. Method: Internal consistency and all three types of reliability (intra-rater, test-retest, and inter-rater) were investigated. Twenty caregivers of HCPC were addressed. Principal rater took two readings for the intra-rater with a brief break, then another reading for test-retest after a seven-day interval. In the meantime, the observer took the readings for inter-rater reliability testing. The relative and absolute dependability of all three types of responses were evaluated after the recording. Findings : Spearman rank correlation and intraclass correlation values ranged from (0.934 to 1), demonstrating a very strong correlation. While the internal consistency was higher than desired, as indicated by Cronbach's alpha values, which ranged from (0.966 to 1). Cohen's kappa coefficient values for inter-rater reliability range from (0.048 to 0.188), and exhibited a small amount of agreement between the two observers. Standard Error of Measurement ranges from (1.026 to 3.810) and indicated credible results. All participant discrepancies on reliability testing were greater than the Minimal Detectable Change, indicating actual differences. Novelty: The uniqueness of this study lies not only in the selection of a recently developed tool for the assessment of sensory issues in HCPC, but also in its extensive analysis of all three types of reliability with both measures along with the assessment of internal consistency . It will be very helpful to researchers who want to create a new instrument or assess the precision of an existing outcome measure. It is the only study that offers a comprehensive analysis of each dependability approach together with the necessary statistical analysis. The Sensory Outcome Measure for Hypoxic Cerebral Palsy children is a reliable tool that has been developed for sensory testing in HCPC.

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Intraobserver Reliability and Construct Validity of the Squat Test in Children With Cerebral Palsy

Cited by 5 publications

References 20 publications

The deep squat test has limited clinical utility for diagnosing symptomatic femoral acetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS): A systematic review

The deep squat test has limited clinical utility for diagnosing symptomatic femoral acetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS): A systematic review

Physical activity is associated with walking and balance ability but not fatigue, knee extension strength, or body composition in adults with cerebral palsy: a pilot cross-sectional study

Reliability Assessment of Sensory Outcome Measure a New Developed Tool for Children with Cerebral Palsy

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