Intraocular Cysts of<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>in Patients with Necrotizing Retinitis following Periocular/Intraocular Triamcinolone Injection

Nijhawan, Raje; Bansal, Reema; Gupta, Nalini; Beke, Nikhil; Kulkarni, Pandurang M.; Gupta, Amod

doi:10.3109/09273948.2013.810276

Cited by 19 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The quality of the cells of all groups of individuals was in good conditions as showed in the PBMC stimulation with PHA. The importance of IFN-γ to resistance against T. gondii infection has been demonstrated, as this cytokine is responsible for regulation of T. gondii load and distribution in the eyes; essential mediator of the immune response to control T. gondii in the brain and to maintain the latency of chronic infection (Carruthers and Suzuki, 2007 ; Gaddi and Yap, 2007 ; Goldszmid et al, 2012 ; Nijhawan et al, 2013 ). However, patients develop cerebral toxoplasmosis after reactivation of latent infection during immunosuppression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebral and ocular toxoplasmosis related with IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10 levels

Meira¹,

Pereira-Chioccola

Vidal

et al. 2014

Front. Microbiol.

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This study analyzed the synthesis of Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α), and Interleukin 10 (IL-10) in chronically infected patients which developed the symptomatic disease as cerebral or ocular toxoplasmosis. Blood from 61 individuals were divided into four groups: Cerebral toxoplasmosis/AIDS patients (CT/AIDS group) (n = 15), ocular toxoplasmosis patients (OT group) (n = 23), chronic toxoplasmosis individuals (CHR group) (n = 13) and healthy individuals (HI group) (n = 10). OT, CHR, and HI groups were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seronegative. The diagnosis was made by laboratorial (PCR and ELISA) and clinical subjects. For cytokine determination, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of each patient were isolated and stimulated in vitro with T. gondii antigen. IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10 activities were determined by ELISA. Patients from CT/AIDS and OT groups had low levels of IFN-γ when were compared with those from CHR group. These data suggest the low resistance to develop ocular lesions by the low ability to produce IFN-γ against the parasite. The same patients, which developed ocular or cerebral toxoplasmosis had higher TNF-α levels than CHR individuals. High TNF-α synthesis contribute to the inflammatory response and damage of the choroid and retina in OT patients and in AIDS patients caused a high inflammatory response as the TNF-α synthesis is not affected since monocytes are the major source this cytokine in response to soluble T. gondii antigens. IL-10 levels were almost similar in CT/AIDS and OT patients but low when compared with CHR individuals. The deviation to Th2 immune response including the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10 may promote the parasite's survival causing the tissue immune destruction. IL-10 production in T. gondii-infected brains may support the persistence of parasites as down-regulating the intracerebral immune response. All these indicate that OT and CT/AIDS patients produced low levels of IL-10 (Th2 response) and IFN-γ (Th1 response). They produced high TNF-α suggesting a high inflammatory response triggered by the parasite.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebral and ocular toxoplasmosis related with IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10 levels

Meira¹,

Pereira-Chioccola

Vidal

et al. 2014

Front. Microbiol.

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“…One of the most important factors for resistance of patients to ocular toxoplasmosis is associated with the ability to produce IL‐12 and IFN‐γ against parasitic antigens, as is responsible for regulation of T. gondii load and distribution in the eyes. Equality, IFN‐γ is an essential mediator to control T. gondii in the brain and to maintain the latency of chronic infection . In fact, this study showed that patients with ocular toxoplasmosis (OT Group) had similar mRNA IFN‐γ expression than those individuals from the CHR Group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Evaluation of gene expression levels for cytokines in ocular toxoplasmosis

Maia

Meira-Strejevitch

Pereira-Chioccola

et al. 2017

Parasite Immunology

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This study evaluated levels for mRNA expression of 7 cytokines in ocular toxoplasmosis. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with ocular toxoplasmosis (OT Group, n = 23) and chronic toxoplasmosis individuals (CHR Group, n = 9) were isolated and stimulated in vitro with T. gondii antigen. Negative controls (NC) were constituted of 7 PBMC samples from individuals seronegative for toxoplasmosis. mRNA expression for cytokines was determined by qPCR. Results showed a significant increase in mRNA levels from antigen stimulated PBMCs derived from OT Group for expressing IL-6 (at P < .005 and P < .0005 for CHR and NC groups, respectively), IL-10 (at P < .0005 and P < .005 for CHR and NC groups, respectively) and TGF-β (at P < .005) for NC group. mRNA levels for TNF-α and IL-12 were also upregulated in patients with OT compared to CHR and NC individuals, although without statistical significance. Additionally, mRNA levels for IL-27 and IFN-γ in PBMC of patients with OT were upregulated in comparison with NC individuals. Differences between OT and NC groups were statistically significant at P < .05 and P < .0005, respectively.

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“…Immunoproteomic technology has provided a useful tool for its diagnosis. 9 The organism is sensitive to many antimicrobials such as sulphonamides, antibiotics and antimalarial drugs. Combined therapy with pyrimethamine and sulphonamides or cotrimoxazole (Daraprim: pyrimethamine and sulphadiazine) may result in a clinical cure.…”

Section: Toxoplasmamentioning

confidence: 99%

Parasitic Eye Disease in India and the World- A Major Review

Sarkar¹,

Bhattacharayya²,

Choudhuri³

et al. 2017

jemds

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BACKGROUNDParasites are a group of eukaryotic organisms. They may be free living, may form symbiotic relationships or form parasitic relationships with the hosts. The total number of recognised species of parasites are over 800,000. They may be unicellular or multicellular. Unicellular parasites include protozoa, while multicellular parasites include helminths and arthropods. The parasites are associated with human beings since the beginning of civilisation. The parasitic diseases are present worldwide including India. In addition to the already prevalent diseases, newer diseases are emerging in the clinical scenario. The systemic diseases like cysticercosis, paragonimiasis, hydatidosis and toxoplasmosis are common. Acquired toxoplasma infections are rising in incidence in immunodeficient individuals. Cestodes, trematodes, tissue flagellates and sporozoa affect human beings commonly including their eyes in different parts of the world. They thus constitute a real health problem globally. The basics of parasitology lie in morphological and pathological studies. This scope has extended further with recent updates in molecular parasitology. The present review discusses the principal ocular parasites found in India and the world with reference to microbiological and pathological aspects and gives outlines of management.

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Intraocular Cysts ofToxoplasma gondiiin Patients with Necrotizing Retinitis following Periocular/Intraocular Triamcinolone Injection

Cited by 19 publications

References 11 publications

Cerebral and ocular toxoplasmosis related with IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10 levels

Cerebral and ocular toxoplasmosis related with IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10 levels

Evaluation of gene expression levels for cytokines in ocular toxoplasmosis

Parasitic Eye Disease in India and the World- A Major Review

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