Intraocular Pressure, Glaucoma, and Dietary Caffeine Consumption

Abstract

Purpose: We examined the association of habitual caffeine intake with intraocular pressure (IOP) and glaucoma and whether genetic predisposition to higher IOP modified these associations. We also assessed whether genetic predisposition to higher coffee consumption was related to IOP.Design: Cross-sectional study in the UK Biobank.Participants: We included 121 374 participants (baseline ages, 39e73 years) with data on coffee and tea intake (collected 2006e2010) and corneal-compensated IOP measurements in 2009. In a subset of 77 906 participants with up to 5 web-based 24-hour-recall food frequency questionnaires (2009e2012), we evaluated total caffeine intake. We also assessed the same relationships with glaucoma (9286 cases and 189 763 controls).Methods: We evaluated multivariable-adjusted associations with IOP using linear regression and with glaucoma using logistic regression. For both outcomes, we examined geneediet interactions using a polygenic risk score (PRS) that combined the effects of 111 genetic variants associated with IOP. We also performed Mendelian randomization using 8 genetic variants associated with coffee intake to assess potential causal effects of coffee consumption on IOP.Main Outcome Measures: Intraocular pressure and glaucoma.Results: Mendelian randomization analysis did not support a causal effect of coffee drinking on IOP (P > 0.1). Greater caffeine intake was associated weakly with lower IOP: the highest (!232 mg/day) versus lowest (<87 mg/day) caffeine consumption was associated with a 0.10-mmHg lower IOP (P trend ¼ 0.01). However, the IOP PRS modified this association: among those in the highest IOP PRS quartile, consuming > 480 mg/day versus < 80 mg/day was associated with a 0.35-mmHg higher IOP (P interaction ¼ 0.01). The relationship between caffeine intake and glaucoma was null (P ! 0.1). However, the IOP PRS also modified this relationship: compared with those in the lowest IOP PRS quartile consuming no caffeine, those in the highest IOP PRS quartile consuming ! 321 mg/day showed a 3.90-fold higher glaucoma prevalence (P interaction ¼ 0.0003).Conclusions: Habitual caffeine consumption was associated weakly with lower IOP, and the association between caffeine consumption and glaucoma was null. However, among participants with the strongest genetic predisposition to elevated IOP, greater caffeine consumption was associated with higher IOP and higher glaucoma prevalence. Ophthalmology 2020;-:1e11

Effect of caffeine on superficial retinal vasculature of the macula in high myopes using optical coherence tomography angiography – A pilot study

“… 31 32 Nakano et al 33 reported that habitual coffee consumption was associated with a slightly lower IOP in healthy subjects. Kim et al 34 did not find causal effect of coffee drinking on IOP. They further concluded that effect of habitual caffeine consumption depended on genetic predisposition.…”

The genetics of glaucoma: Disease associations, personalised risk assessment and therapeutic opportunities‐A review

“…The effects of an IOP-based PRS in modulating geneenvironment interactions has also been investigated in the UK Biobank dataset (n = 121 374 participants). 130 Overall, there was no association between caffeine intake and POAG risk (p > 0.1). However, the IOP PRS modified this relationship, as those in the highest IOP PRS quintile who consumed ≥321 mg/day had a 3.9-fold higher glaucoma prevalence compared to those in the lowest PRS quintile who consumed no caffeine (p = 0.0003).…”

Interaction of background genetic risk, psychotropic medications, and primary angle closure glaucoma in the UK Biobank

“…IOPcc, CH, and CRF for the right and left eye were obtained from UKBB data fields 5254, 5262, 5256, 5264, 5257, and 5265 respectively. Information on IOPcc-lowering medication use was obtained from UKBB data field 20003; pre-treatment IOPcc was imputed by dividing IOPcc by 0.7 for those on IOP medication [ 18 ]. Spherical power and cylindrical power for the right and left eye were obtained from UKBB data fields 5084, 5085, 5087, and 5086 respectively.…”