Intraoperative and biomechanical studies of human vastus lateralis and vastus medialis sarcomere length operating range

Son, Jongsang; Indresano, Andy; Sheppard, Kristin; Ward, Samuel R.; Lieber, Richard L.

doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.11.038

Cited by 27 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Differences in normalized fiber lengths likely result from using a different model, different plantar flexor tendon compliance, and different estimates of optimal fiber lengths. Recent studies have shown that sarcomeres in healthy individuals are longer than previously estimated using simulation 39,40 , which supports our estimates of longer normalized fiber lengths. Although we may overestimate normalized fiber lengths of the plantar flexors, the paired nature of our data lends confidence to our results demonstrating the effect of foot strike pattern on normalized fiber lengths in running.…”

Section: Force Generation Abilitysupporting

confidence: 90%

Foot strike pattern during running alters muscle-tendon dynamics of the gastrocnemius and the soleus

Yong

Dembia

Silder

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Running is thought to be an efficient gait due, in part, to the behavior of the plantar flexor muscles and elastic energy storage in the Achilles tendon. Although plantar flexor muscle mechanics and Achilles tendon energy storage have been explored during rearfoot striking, they have not been fully characterized during forefoot striking. This study examined how plantar flexor muscle-tendon mechanics during running differs between rearfoot and forefoot striking. We used musculoskeletal simulations, driven by joint angles and electromyography recorded from runners using both rearfoot and forefoot striking running patterns, to characterize plantar flexor muscle-tendon mechanics. The simulations revealed that foot strike pattern affected the soleus and gastrocnemius differently. For the soleus, forefoot striking decreased tendon energy storage and fiber work done while the muscle fibers were shortening compared to rearfoot striking. For the gastrocnemius, forefoot striking increased muscle activation and fiber work done while the muscle fibers were lengthening compared to rearfoot striking. These changes in gastrocnemius mechanics suggest that runners planning to convert to forefoot striking might benefit from a progressive eccentric gastrocnemius strengthening program to avoid injury. The efficiency of running is enhanced by the storage and release of elastic energy in muscle and tendon. This concept has led to simple spring-mass models of human running 1 , which have been useful for understanding running mechanics 2 , predicting the energy cost of running 3 , and examining the effects of fatigue 4,5. The primary three plantar flexor muscles, the soleus, medial gastrocnemius, and lateral gastrocnemius, in conjunction with the Achilles tendon, are major contributors to energy storage and return during running 6. The plantar flexors absorb energy during early stance and release energy during late stance 7. The elastic stretch and recoil of the Achilles tendon may contribute as much as 35% of the total energy storage and return during running 8. The plantar flexor muscles and Achilles tendon span the ankle joint, suggesting that their mechanics would be affected by foot strike pattern. Rearfoot striking, characterized by landing on the heel, and forefoot striking, characterized by landing on the ball of the foot, are both naturally adopted foot strike patterns 9. Habitual rearfoot striking runners who transition to a forefoot striking pattern initially experience calf soreness 10,11 , indicating that altering foot strike pattern may affect the behavior of the plantar flexors. Previous research has focused on understanding plantar flexor mechanics during rearfoot striking 12-15 , but how plantar flexor mechanics are affected by converting to forefoot striking is unclear. Differences in kinematics and kinetics between rearfoot and forefoot striking indicate foot strike pattern may affect plantar flexor muscle-tendon mechanics. Forefoot striking increases peak stress 16 and impulse 17,18 in the Achilles tendon, suggesting...

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Section: Force Generation Abilitysupporting

confidence: 90%

Foot strike pattern during running alters muscle-tendon dynamics of the gastrocnemius and the soleus

Yong

Dembia

Silder

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Differences in normalized fiber lengths likely result from using a different model, different plantar flexor tendon compliance, and different estimates of optimal fiber lengths. Recent studies have shown that sarcomeres in healthy individuals are longer than previously estimated using simulation 40,41 , which supports our estimates of longer normalized fiber lengths. Although we may overestimate normalized fiber lengths of the plantar flexors, the paired nature of our data lends confidence to our results demonstrating the effect of foot strike pattern on normalized fiber lengths in running.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Foot strike pattern during running alters muscle-tendon dynamics of the gastrocnemius and the soleus

Yong

Dembia

Silder

et al. 2019

Preprint

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ABSTRACTRunning is thought to be an efficient gait due, in part, to the behavior of the plantar flexor muscles and the elastic energy storage in the Achilles tendon. Although plantar flexor muscle mechanics and Achilles tendon energy storage have been explored during rearfoot striking, they have not been fully characterized during forefoot striking. This study examines how plantar flexor muscle-tendon mechanics during running differ between rearfoot and forefoot striking. We used musculoskeletal simulations, driven by joint angles and electromyography recorded from runners using both rearfoot and forefoot striking running patterns, to characterize plantar flexor muscle-tendon mechanics. The simulations revealed that foot strike pattern affected the soleus and gastrocnemius differently. For the soleus, forefoot striking resulted in decreased tendon energy storage and decreased positive fiber work compared to rearfoot striking. For the gastrocnemius, forefoot striking resulted in greater activation and increased negative fiber work compared to rearfoot striking. The increased activation and negative fiber work in the gastrocnemius during forefoot striking suggest that runners planning to convert to forefoot striking would benefit from a progressive eccentric gastrocnemius strengthening program to avoid injury.

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“…We hypothesize that results in Kubo et al 3 may be attributed to the fact that squat depth in the pROM (approximately 90º knee flexion) excursed a longer muscle length compared with the other pROM studies evaluated. 11,12 Therefore, we speculate that the differential hypertrophic results reported between pROM and fROM across studies were not due to the full range of motion per se, but rather the lack of training in the stretched length portion of the movement in the parallel group. This view is reinforced by the Werkhausen et al 6 study (included in the systematic review but not hypertrophy meta-analysis) that compared the effect of performing the leg press with fROM (0-90º of knee flexion) versus pROM with the quadriceps at a longer muscle length (81-90º); results showed similar changes in muscle thickness of the vastus lateralis between conditions.…”

Section: Partial Range Of Motion and Muscle Hypertrophy: Not All Roms...mentioning

confidence: 88%

Partial range of motion and muscle hypertrophy: not all ROMs lead to Rome

Kassiano

Costa

Nunes

et al. 2022

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Intraoperative and biomechanical studies of human vastus lateralis and vastus medialis sarcomere length operating range

Cited by 27 publications

References 44 publications

Foot strike pattern during running alters muscle-tendon dynamics of the gastrocnemius and the soleus

Foot strike pattern during running alters muscle-tendon dynamics of the gastrocnemius and the soleus

Foot strike pattern during running alters muscle-tendon dynamics of the gastrocnemius and the soleus

Partial range of motion and muscle hypertrophy: not all ROMs lead to Rome

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