Examination of tissue sections using desorption electrospray ionization (DESI)-MS revealed phospholipid-derived signals that differ between gray matter, white matter, gliomas, meningiomas, and pituitary tumors, allowing their ready discrimination by multivariate statistics. A set of lower mass signals, some corresponding to oncometabolites, including 2-hydroxyglutaric acid and N-acetylaspartic acid, was also observed in the DESI mass spectra, and these data further assisted in discrimination between brain parenchyma and gliomas. The combined information from the lipid and metabolite MS profiles recorded by DESI-MS and explored using multivariate statistics allowed successful differentiation of gray matter (n = 223), white matter (n = 66), gliomas (n = 158), meningiomas (n = 111), and pituitary tumors (n = 154) from 58 patients. A linear discriminant model used to distinguish brain parenchyma and gliomas yielded an overall sensitivity of 97.4% and a specificity of 98.5%. Furthermore, a discriminant model was created for tumor types (i.e., glioma, meningioma, and pituitary), which were discriminated with an overall sensitivity of 99.4% and a specificity of 99.7%. Unsupervised multivariate statistics were used to explore the chemical differences between anatomical regions of brain parenchyma and secondary infiltration. Infiltration of gliomas into normal tissue can be detected by DESI-MS. One hurdle to implementation of DESI-MS intraoperatively is the need for tissue freezing and sectioning, which we address by analyzing smeared biopsy tissue. Tissue smears are shown to give the same chemical information as tissue sections, eliminating the need for sectioning before MS analysis. These results lay the foundation for implementation of intraoperative DESI-MS evaluation of tissue smears for rapid diagnosis. ambient ionization | MS imaging | multivariate statistics | pathology | neurosurgery M S is increasingly being used in medicine (e.g., in clinical chemistry, pharmaceutical development, and proteomics). Ambient ionization methods generate ions under atmospheric conditions, with minimal to no sample preparation (1). Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI), an ambient method that uses a spray of charged solvent as the projectile, provides rapid chemical information while preserving tissue and cellular morphology, allowing subsequent histopathology on the same specimen (2). This feature allows integration of DESI-MS into current workflows and postacquisition pathology. DESI-MS has been used to study prostate cancer (3), bladder cancer (4), kidney cancer (5), seminoma (6), lymphoma (7), gastrointestinal cancer (8), and others. In each case, the recorded pattern of lipid signals allows the differentiation of cancer from normal tissue. DESI-MS has been previously used to explore chemical differences among glioma subtypes, grades, and tumor cell concentrations (relative percentage of tumor compared with parenchyma) (9, 10). Meningiomas have also been studied previously and were distinguished from normal dura mater (11).T...