INTRApersonal Synchrony as Constituent of INTERpersonal Synchrony and Its Relevance for Autism Spectrum Disorder

Bloch, Carola; Vogeley, Kai; Georgescu, Alexandra L.; Falter‐Wagner, Christine M.

doi:10.3389/frobt.2019.00073

Cited by 40 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 87 publications

(108 reference statements)

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“…Time perception is encoded in the motor system and is influenced by action (Merchant & Yarrow, 2016;Wiener, Zhou, Bader, & Joiner, 2019;Yon, Edey, Ivry, & Press, 2017). Indeed, a number of interesting recent studies have explored timing differences in autism within the context of interpersonal communication (Bloch, Vogeley, Georgescu, & Falter-Wagner, 2019;Georgescu et al, 2020;Zampella, Csumitta, Simon, & Bennetto, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time perception in autistic adults: Interval and event timing judgements do not differ from non-autistics

Poole¹,

Casassus²,

Gowen³

et al. 2021

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It has previously been proposed that autistic people have problems with timing which underlie the behavioural and cognitive differences in the condition. However, the nature of this postulated timing issue has not been well specified and the existing experimental literature has generated mixed findings. In the current study, we attempted a systematic investigation of timing processes in autistic adults using Scalar Expectancy Theory as a theoretical framework. Autistic (n = 58) and non-autistic (neurotypical; n = 91) adults matched for age, sex and full-scale IQ completed a battery of auditory and visual timing tasks measuring basic sub-second duration perception (temporal difference thresholds), clock processes (verbal estimation), clock and memory processes (temporal generalisation), and relative timing (temporal order judgements). Participants also completed supra-second retrospective duration estimates where the participant was not warned in advanced that they would be required to make a timing judgement, and questionnaires measuring self-reported timing behaviours in daily life. The groups reported differences on questionnaires, but measures of timing performance were comparable overall. In an exploratory analysis, we performed principal components analysis to investigate the relationship between timing judgements and participants’ self-reported social-communicative, sensory and motor traits. Measures of timing performance were not well correlated with these questionnaire scores. The current study is not supportive of reduced timing performance in autistic adults, nor of a relationship between sub-second timing perception and social-communicative, sensory or motor traits.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time perception in autistic adults: Interval and event timing judgements do not differ from non-autistics

Poole¹,

Casassus²,

Gowen³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…Time on the macrolayer is not always directly experienced, but remains in the background while we live our lives ( Fuchs, 2005 , 2013 ; Vogel et al, 2020 ). This implicit experience in time is observable in a variety of temporal phenomena, such as habit ( Howell, 2015 ; Fuchs, 2018 ), corporeality/embodiment ( Fuchs, 2005 ; Wehrle, 2020 ), historical circumstances ( Kupke, 2009 ), and intersubjectivity/synchronicity ( Fuchs, 2005 , 2013 ; Bloch et al, 2019 ) [also see von Gebsattel, 1954a , p. 137f for a similar distinction between experienced time (“erlebter Zeit”) and lived time (“gelebter Zeit”)]. However, this implicit temporality on the macrolayer of time is still potentially consciously accessible for us through either reflection or may impose on us under certain circumstances, as we will demonstrate in more detail in the section Enduring Situatedness .…”

Section: The Macrolayer and The Microlayer Of Timementioning

confidence: 99%

The Temporality of Situated Cognition

et al. 2020

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Situated cognition embeds perceptions, thoughts, and behavior within the contextual framework of so-called “4E cognition” understanding cognition to be embodied, enactive, extended, and embedded. Whereas this definition is primarily based on the spatial properties of a situation, it neglects a fundamental constituent: the cognitive situation as enduring . On a subpersonal level, situated cognition requires the integration of information processing within a minimal temporal extension generating the basic building blocks of perception and action (“microlayer” of time). On a personal level, lived situations and experienced narratives leading to our biography can be defined by their broader temporal horizons (“macrolayer” of time). The macrolayer of time is based on and emerges from information processing on the microlayer of time. Whereas the constraints on the microlayer are primarily defined by the integrity of neurobiological processes within an individual cognitive system, the temporal horizons and subsequently the situational context on the macrolayer are defined by the complex affordances of a situation on a personal or interpersonal level. On both time layers, cognition can be defined as a continuous dynamic process, reflecting the transition from one situated state to another. Taken together, the events forming the delimiting horizons of these situations correspond to the temporal structure of the cognitive process along which it continuously proceeds. The dynamic driving and enabling this transition from state to state is synonymous with the inherent flow of time. Just as the layers of time, flow and structure, are inseparably connected. The integration of temporal flow and temporal structure into the continuous dynamic process constitutes the enduring situatedness of cognition. By providing everyday examples and examples from psychopathology, we highlight the benefits of understanding cognitive processes as part of enduring situations.

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“…Another review study suggested inter-and intra-personal asynchrony in autistic individuals, suggesting an altered experience of time and atypical integration of audial, visual and motor sensory inputs (Bloch et al, 2019). Temporal deviations in various sensory inputs are most likely to influence behaviour related to the ability to establish and maintain synchronous, reciprocal engagement with others, and therefore, may contribute to social-communication difficulties in autism.…”

Section: Temporal Synchrony In Autism: a Systematic Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Temporal deviations in various sensory inputs are most likely to influence behaviour related to the ability to establish and maintain synchronous, reciprocal engagement with others, and therefore, may contribute to social-communication difficulties in autism. Indeed, it has been proposed that diagnostic practices would benefit from assessing a wider presentation of symptoms associated with autism, and measures of interpersonal alignment could serve as implicit measures aiding diagnosis (Bloch et al, 2019).…”

Section: Temporal Synchrony In Autism: a Systematic Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal Synchrony in Autism: A Systematic Review

Baldwin¹,

Xiao²,

Murray³

2020

Preprint

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A large number of studies have reported that autistic individuals show differences in their performance on temporal asynchrony tasks as compared to neurotypical individuals. Specifically, autistic individuals appear to show a reduced tendency towards synchrony. However, the evidence has hitherto not been reviewed in a systematic way, making it difficult to be sure of the magnitude and generalisability of the difference across different tasks and contexts. The present review aimed to systematically collect and synthesise the data on various types of temporal synchrony in autism across all ages in order to address this gap. A systematic search of the EBSCO, OVID, Web of Science, and Scopus databases was conducted, and the search strategies involved keywords and synonyms for “autism”, “temporal” and “synchrony”. Thirty-two studies were identified that met our inclusion criteria: 13 in the domain of audio-visual; three in audio-motor; three in visuo-tactile; three in visuo-motor; three in social motor; and five in conversational synchrony. An additional two studies focused on adapting an intervention method to improve interpersonal temporal synchrony in autistic individuals. The findings suggest that autistic participants showed reduced synchrony tendencies in every category of temporal synchrony that was reviewed. The findings are discussed in relation to existing knowledge of temporal processing and integration differences in autism. Limitations, future directions and potential clinical implications are also discussed.

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INTRApersonal Synchrony as Constituent of INTERpersonal Synchrony and Its Relevance for Autism Spectrum Disorder

Cited by 40 publications

References 87 publications

Time perception in autistic adults: Interval and event timing judgements do not differ from non-autistics

Time perception in autistic adults: Interval and event timing judgements do not differ from non-autistics

The Temporality of Situated Cognition

Temporal Synchrony in Autism: A Systematic Review

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