Intraretinal pH in Diabetic Cats

Budzynski, Ewa; Wangsa-Wirawan, Norbert D.; Padnick‐Silver, Lissa; Hatchell, Diane L.; Linsenmeier, Robert A.

doi:10.1080/02713680590934067

Cited by 26 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Next to rodents, cats and dogs have been used most extensively as models of diabetic retinopathy and they provide excellent models of early-stage clinical disease (Budzynski et al, 2005;Gardiner et al, 2003b;Gardiner et al, 1994;Hatchell et al, 1995;Linsenmeier et al, 1998;Mansour et al, 1990). Dogs have been most extensively used for retinopathy studies with diabetes commonly induced using chemical induction of diabetes (Anderson et al, 1993) (Figure 6).…”

Section: Modelling Diabetic Retinopathymentioning

confidence: 96%

“…For example, a number of in vitro studies and in vivo investigations of animal models and human post-mortem specimens indicate that activation of retinal microglia could play an important regulatory role in diabetes-mediated retinal inflammation (Zeng et al, 2008) by modulating cytokine expression (Budzynski et al, 2005) and other pathologic responses (Kuiper et al, 2004). Monocytes that infiltrate the retina are distinct from microglia and they reside in proximity to blood vessels (perivascular macrophages) or within various layers of the neuropile (Xu et al, 2009).…”

Section: D Inflammation and Immune Cell Activation In Diabetic Retimentioning

confidence: 97%

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The progress in understanding and treatment of diabetic retinopathy

Stitt

Curtis

Chen

et al. 2016

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

875

657

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Section: Modelling Diabetic Retinopathymentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: D Inflammation and Immune Cell Activation In Diabetic Retimentioning

confidence: 97%

The progress in understanding and treatment of diabetic retinopathy

Stitt

Curtis

Chen

et al. 2016

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

875

657

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…This characteristic allows good evaluation of the fundus for study of diabetic retinopathy. Using retinal photography and fluorescein angiography every 6 mo over a 9-yr period, pancreatectomized cats maintained with poor glycemic control (blood glucose 200-400 mg/dL) developed many of the retinal abnormalities common in diabetic retinopathy in humans (Budzynski et al 2005;Hatchell et al 1995;Linsenmeier et al 1998). The changes included early nonleaking microaneurysms, scattered punctuate intraretinal hemorrhages, capillary nonperfusion, and possibly neovascularization.…”

Section: Diabetic Retinopathymentioning

confidence: 96%

Feline Models of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Henson¹,

O’Brien²

2006

ILAR Journal

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Feline diabetes mellitus (FDM) closely resembles human type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in many respects including clinical, physiological, and pathological features of the disease. These features include age of onset of FDM in middle age, association with obesity, residual but declining insulin secretion, development of islet amyloid deposits, loss of approximately 50% of beta-cell mass, and development of complications in several organ systems including peripheral polyneuropathy and retinopathy. Many of the pathological aspects of the disease are also experimentally inducible, facilitating study of the pathogenesis of these lesions. Physiological aspects of FDM and obesity are also well studied in the cat and provide an excellent basis for comparative studies of human T2DM. The relatively short generation time of cats along with breed predispositions to development of FDM may allow for more rapid screening and identification of genetic markers for diabetes susceptibility. FDM, in both spontaneous and inducible forms, therefore provides a good animal model of human T2DM and may provide additional insights into the pathogenesis of this important condition.

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“…Still, the inner retina in diabetic cats tends to be acidotic compared with that of healthy cats. 44 One must be cautious about extrapolating from shortterm hyperglycemia to the more complex situation in diabetes. However, in light of the large hyperglycemiainduced inner retinal pH changes observed in this study, the inner retinal acidosis previously observed in diabetic cats, 43 and the observation that acidosis alone can induce retinopathy, [37][38][39] we conclude that pH changes may play a role in the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy in humans.…”

Section: Angiogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Hypoxemia and Hyperglycemia on pH in the Intact Cat Retina

Padnick‐Silver

Linsenmeier²

2005

Arch Ophthalmol

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To examine the effects of acute hypoxemia and hyperglycemia on retinal pH to understand hyperglycemia-induced changes in the normal intact cat retina.Methods: Spatial profiles of extracellular hydrogen ion (H ϩ ) concentration were obtained from the cat retina, in vivo, using pH-sensitive microelectrodes during normoxia (arterial partial pressure of oxygen [PaO 2 ]=114.5±7.9 mm Hg), normoglycemia (plasma glucose concentration, 117 ± 19 mg/dL), acute hypoxemia (PaO 2 = 29.5 ± 2.2 mm Hg), and acute hyperglycemia (plasma glucose concentration, 303 ± 67 mg/dL). An H ϩ diffusion model was fitted to the outer retinal data to quantify photoreceptor H ϩ production. The inner retinal pH was also examined.Results: Hypoxemia induced a mean acute panretinal acidification of 0.16 pH units that originated from a 2.55-fold increase in net photoreceptor H ϩ production. Hyperglycemia induced an acute panretinal acidification of 0.12 pH units; however, photoreceptor H ϩ production levels remained unchanged. Retinal pH changes followed the course of arterial PaO 2 and blood glucose changes. Conclusions:The increase in photoreceptor H ϩ production during hypoxemia confirms the importance of glycolysis in the retina. Hyperglycemia-induced pH changes resulted from either increased inner retinal H ϩ production or decreased H ϩ clearance/neutralization. Clinical Relevance:The hyperglcemia-induced acidification that originates in the inner retina suggests that retinal acidosis may contribute to the development of diabetic retinal disease.

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Intraretinal pH in Diabetic Cats

Cited by 26 publications

References 15 publications

The progress in understanding and treatment of diabetic retinopathy

The progress in understanding and treatment of diabetic retinopathy

Feline Models of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Effect of Hypoxemia and Hyperglycemia on pH in the Intact Cat Retina

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