Intraspecies variation in the venom of the rattlesnake Crotalus simus from Mexico: Different expression of crotoxin results in highly variable toxicity in the venoms of three subspecies

Disintegrins of Crotalus simus tzabcan venom: Isolation, characterization and evaluation of the cytotoxic and anti-adhesion activities of tzabcanin, a new RGD disintegrin

“…Therefore, the slight decrease in Colo-205 cell viability in the presence of high concentrations of tzabcanin could be due to induction of apoptosis, or a loss of membrane integrity, ultimately leading to antiproliferative effects. On the other hand, the potent toxicity of crude venom towards both cell lines is likely due to the presence of LAAOs, SVMPs, and PLA 2 s, which are abundant in C. s. tzabcan venom [51] and have been shown to exhibit a combination of cytotoxic and apoptotic activities [52e54]. Similarly, Bradshaw et al [38] also showed that C. s. tzabcan venom was significantly cytotoxic to both MCF-7 and human melanoma (A-375) cell lines.…”

Molecular models of the Mojave rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus) venom metalloproteinases reveal a structural basis for differences in hemorrhagic activities

“…Rattlesnake venom belonging to the Crotalus genus exhibits high variability in snake venom composition and shows complex pharmacological profiles and in biochemicalassociated activities [27][28][29][30]. Recently, a series of elegant transcriptome sequencing-based approaches have shown that rattlesnake venom glands from C. adamanteus are composed mainly of serine proteases, while a small fraction of venom consists of Zn +2 -dependent metalloproteinases [31].…”

Crotoxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus and Crotoxin-Related Proteins: Structure and Function Relationship

“…Other crotoxin-like proteins commonly occur in the venoms of Crotalus species, e.g., Crotalus durissus cascavella (Beghini et al 2000;Beghini et al 2004;Rangel-Santos et al 2004;Fonseca et al 2006), Crotalus durissus collilineatus (Ponce-Soto et al 2002;Rangel-Santos et al 2004;Toyama et al 2005;Ponce-Soto et al 2007;Salvador et al 2009), Crotalus durissus cumanensis (Pereañez et al 2009;Cavalcante et al 2015), Crotalus durissus ruruima (Dos-Santos et al 2005), Crotalus scutulatus (Mojave toxin) (Bieber et al 1975;Gopalakrishnakone et al 1980), and Crotalus simus Castro et al 2013;Durban et al 2013), and Erotalus vegronolis (Viala et al 2015). Heterodimeric complexes of crotoxin-like proteins have also been identified in the venom of non-rattlesnake species belonging to Crotalinae subfamily: pit vipers Gloydius intermedius (Gintexin) (Yang et al 2015a, b) and Bothriechis nigroviridis (Nigroviriditoxin) (Fernández et al 2010;Lomonte et al 2015).…”