Intrauterine Bacterial Findings in Postpartum Cows with Retained Fetal Membranes

Bekana, M.; Jönsson, Per; Ekman, T.; Kindahl, H.

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0442.1994.tb00134.x

Cited by 59 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Bacteria with canonical structure coefficients of ՅϪ0.3 or Ն0.3 are considered important to predict between healthy and metritic cows. retained placenta, a major risk factor for metritis, usually had mixed bacterial infections containing P. levii, F. necrophorum, and T. pyogenes (24). These studies pointed to the importance of Bacteroides spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Uterine Microbiota Progression from Calving until Establishment of Metritis in Dairy Cows

Jeon

Vieira-Neto

Gobikrushanth

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

146

174

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the progression of the uterine microbiota from calving until establishment of metritis. Uterine swabs (n ‫؍‬ 72) collected at 0, 2, and 6 ؎ 2 days postpartum (dpp) from 12 metritic and 12 healthy cows were used for metagenomic sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene on the Illumina MiSeq platform. A heat map showed that uterine microbiota was established at calving. The microbiota changed rapidly from 0 to 6 ؎ 2 dpp, with a decrease in the abundance of Proteobacteria and an increase in the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria, which were dominant in metritic cows. Uterine microbiota composition was shared; however, metritic and healthy cows could be discriminated using relative abundance of bacterial genera at 0, 2, and 6 ؎ 2 dpp. Bacteroides was the main genus associated with metritis because it was the only genus that showed significantly greater abundance in cows with metritis. As the abundance of Bacteroides organisms increased, the uterine discharge score, a measure of uterine health, worsened. Fusobacterium was also an important genus associated with metritis because Fusobacterium abundance increased as Bacteroides abundance increased and the uterine discharge score worsened as the abundance increased. The correlation with uterine discharge score and the correlation with Bacteroides or Fusobacterium showed that other bacteria, such as Helcoccocus, Filifactor, and Porphyromonas, were also associated with metritis. There were also bacteria associated with uterine health, such as "Candidatus Blochmannia," Escherichia, Sneathia, and Pedobacter. Metritis is a huge concern for the dairy industry worldwide because it is highly prevalent (25 to 40%) and negatively affects the productivity, survival, and welfare of dairy cows (1). Diverse bacteria, including anaerobes and facultative anaerobes, were observed in the uteri of dairy cows within the first 2 weeks postpartum, but they were naturally cleared out within 60 days postpartum (dpp) (1). Culture-based studies observed that Escherichia coli, Trueperella pyogenes, Fusobacterium necrophorum, and Bacteroides spp. (e.g., Prevotella melaninogenica, formerly Bacteroides melaninogenicus) were commonly associated with endometritis or pyometra (1-3).Although culture-based studies have laid out the foundation of our understanding of the uterine microbiota, previous studies might have underestimated the microbial complexity of the intrauterine environment of cows postpartum, given that less than 1% of the microorganisms in many environments are readily cultured under standard laboratory conditions (4). In recent years, cultureindependent techniques such as clone library sequencing (5, 6) and pyrosequencing (7, 8) have been used to characterize the uterine microbiota of cows with metritis (5-7) and endometritis (7,8). Sequencing using the Illumina platform allows for deeper sequencing than has previously been feasible even with pyrosequencing (9). Indeed, evaluating the rarefaction curves from previous 16S rRNA sequencing studies ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Uterine Microbiota Progression from Calving until Establishment of Metritis in Dairy Cows

Jeon

Vieira-Neto

Gobikrushanth

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

146

174

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“…Shortly before and during parturition, the connective tissue of the cervix is remodelled [2][3][4] and loses its strength [5] which results in a softened cervix that is able to dilate and accommodate the fetus when the uterus contracts [6]. The cervix is an important barrier against the invasion of bacteria in the uterine cavity [7,8]. Therefore, it is obvious that closure of the cervical canal and regaining of its firm structure after parturition is important for a successful new pregnancy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, it is obvious that closure of the cervical canal and regaining of its firm structure after parturition is important for a successful new pregnancy. When this process is incomplete or delayed, as is the case in cows with retention of the placenta, it predisposes to the development of endometritis [7,8]. Insufficient closure of the cervix thus leads to infertility or even sterility in cows [9] and mares [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cervical diameter in relation to uterine and cervical EMG activity in early postpartum dairy cows with retained placentas after PGF2alpha induced calving

et al. 2007

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The cervix must regain its normal diameter after parturition. Until now, little has been known about the pattern of cervical closure and the possible influences of myometrial and cervical contractions in this process. We continuously measured the cervical diameter with ultrasound cervimetry during the first 48 h after calving in six cows with retained fetal membranes, while uterine (n = 6) and cervical outer muscular layer (n = 4) electromyographic (EMG) activity was measured with bipolar EMG electrodes.We found that the cervical diameter which was 6.2 cm (AE0.7) at 1.4 h after calving, initially increased to 9.0 cm (AE1.0) during the first 14.8 h (AE2.8) postpartum. After this time, the diameter decreased gradually to 5.3 cm (AE1.0) at 48 h after calving. The overall EMG activity after parturition decreased by 59% (AE6) and 35% (AE17) for the uterus and cervix, respectively. The decrease in EMG activity was due to a 50% (AE7) decrease in EMG amplitudes of the myometrium; the EMG amplitudes of the cervix decreased by only 8% (AE21) (P > 0.05). At the same time in the cervix, burst frequency decreased by 69% (AE17), while the decrease in burst frequency of the myometrium was only 11% (AE5) (P > 0.05).Uterine myometrial and cervical EMG activity after parturition showed burst patterns. These contractions of the uterus and cervix were accompanied by and correlated with transient dilatations of the caudal cervix. This could have functional relevance in the evacuation of the uterus. #

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“…In addition, a positive correlation between the occurrence of A. pyogenes and Bacteroides spp. or F. necrophorum has been described (Bekana et al, 1994;Dohmen et al, 1995;Huszenicza et al, 1999). Occasionally, streptococci, staphylococci, Proteus or Clostridium spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial contamination of the uterus in cows with various clinical types of metritis and endometritis and use of hydrogen peroxide for intrauterine treatment

Doležel¹,

Palenik²,

Čech³

et al. 2010

Vet. Med. - Czech

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ABSTRACT:The relationship of various clinical forms of uterine inflammation to bacterial contamination and the applicability of hydrogen peroxide for intrauterine treatment of clinical endometritis was the subject of this trial. Uterine contamination was compared among groups of cows according to clinical findings on days 10 ± 3 (mild or severe puerperal metritis and controls without symptoms of the disease: MM, n = 16 or SM, n = 8 and CM, n = 13) and 25 ± 3 (mild or severe clinical endometritis and controls without symptoms of the disease: ME, n = 28 or SE, n = 40 and CE, n = 10). The applicability of 3% hydrogen peroxide was evaluated on the basis of macroscopic examination of intact and closed uteri from slaughtered cows after infusion of 50, 80, and 100 ml of the solution, clinical as well as bacteriological examination of uteri in cows suffering from clinical endometritis (Group E1 -treatment for the first time, n = 18 and Group E2 -previous treatment for retained placenta or puerperal metritis, n = 12) before and seven days after intrauterine administration of 80 ml of the solution as well as subsequent reproductive performance of treated cows in comparison with untreated controls without symptoms of the disease (Group C, n = 20). A wider bacterial spectrum was found in the cows on day 10 ± 3 compared to day 25 ± 3. Arcanobacterium pyogenes was the main uterine contaminant in cows suffering from all clinical types of uterine inflammation while this bacterium was not shown to be present in any of the control cows (MM 7/16 and SM 6/8 vs. CM 0/13, P < 0.05 and P < 0.01; ME 14/28 and SE 18/40 vs. CE 0/10, P < 0.05). No macroscopic changes in uteri were found after infusion of various volumes of 3% hydrogen peroxide, only gas infiltration to the surrounding tissue occurred in completely closed uteri after deposition of 100 ml of the solution. Clinical symptoms of endometritis disappeared in 83% (E1) and 67% (E2) of affected cows and bacterial contamination decreased markedly (but not significantly) in both groups up to day 7 after intrauterine treatment. Reproductive parameters in treated cows compared to controls were not different. The results show an important role of A. pyogenes in the etiopathogenesis of all clinical forms of uterine inflammations in postpartum cows and support the use of 3% hydrogen peroxide for intrauterine treatment of clinical endometritis even though sufficient antibacterial effects of the treatment are still to be confirmed.

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Intrauterine Bacterial Findings in Postpartum Cows with Retained Fetal Membranes

Cited by 59 publications

References 20 publications

Uterine Microbiota Progression from Calving until Establishment of Metritis in Dairy Cows

Uterine Microbiota Progression from Calving until Establishment of Metritis in Dairy Cows

Cervical diameter in relation to uterine and cervical EMG activity in early postpartum dairy cows with retained placentas after PGF2alpha induced calving

Bacterial contamination of the uterus in cows with various clinical types of metritis and endometritis and use of hydrogen peroxide for intrauterine treatment

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