Intrauterine fatty acid accretion rates in human brain: implications for fatty acid requirements

Clandinin, Michael T.; Chappell, J.E.; Leong, S. F.; Heim, T; Swyer, Paul R.; Chance, G. W.

doi:10.1016/0378-3782(80)90015-8

Cited by 715 publications

(317 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…AA and DHA as a proportion of total fatty acids are shown for the diet of pregnant mothers (Lakin et al, 1998), 1 the adipose tissue (Leaf et al, 1995), 2 maternal and cord blood plasma phospholipids (Otto et al, 1997), 3 triglyceride (Berghaus et al, 2000), 4 cholesterol ester (Hoving et al, 1994), 5 and NEFA (Benassayag et al, 1999), 6 the placental microvillous and basal membranes (Powell et al, 1999), 7 and adipose tissue and brain at birth (Clandinin et al, 1981 Figure 3 The theoretical rate of oxidation was calculated from the rate of maternal energy expenditure (9453 MJ/day), the proportion of that energy derived from fat (30%), the energy content of fat (39 kJ/g) (Butte, 2000) and the proportion of DHA in the oxidised fat (0.1% DHA; Figure 2). The DHA content of fetal tissues was calculated from the lean mass (calculated as body weight minus the weight of fat, skeleton and skin (Widdowson, 1974)), the fat mass (Widdowson, 1974) and the weight of the placenta (Hytten, 1974) and brain (Clandinin et al, 1980) and the fat and DHA concentration of the brain (Clandinin et al, 1980;Jamieson et al, 1999), placenta (Widdowson & Spray, 1951;Lakin et al, 1998) and adipose tissue (Clandinin et al, 1981). For the purposes of the calculation the DHA content of the fetal lean tissue, blood vessels, etc, was assumed to be the same as the placenta.…”

Section: Importance Of Fatty Acids To the Fetusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of placental function on fatty acid requirements during pregnancy

Haggarty¹

2004

Eur J Clin Nutr

187

156

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The fetus has an absolute requirement for the n-3/n-6 fatty acids and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3; DHA) in particular is essential for the development of the brain and retina. Most of the fat deposition in the fetus occurs in the last 10 weeks of pregnancy. The likely rate of DHA utilisation during late pregnancy cannot be met from dietary sources alone in a significant proportion of mothers. De novo synthesis makes up some of the shortfall but the available evidence suggests that the maternal adipose tissue makes a significant contribution to placental transport to the fetus. The placenta plays a crucial role in mobilising the maternal adipose tissue and actively concentrating and channelling the important n-3/n-6 fatty acids to the fetus via multiple mechanisms including selective uptake by the syncytiotrophoblast, intracellular metabolic channelling, and selective export to the fetal circulation. These mechanisms protect the fetus against low long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) intakes in the last trimester of pregnancy and have the effect of reducing the maternal dietary requirement for preformed DHA at this time. As a result of these adaptations, small changes in the composition of the habitual maternal diet before pregnancy are likely to be more effective in improving LCPUFA delivery to the fetus than large dietary changes in late pregnancy. There is little evidence that DHA intake/status in the second half of pregnancy affects visual and cognitive function in the offspring, but more studies are needed, particularly in children born to vegetarian and vegan and mothers who may have very low intakes of DHA.

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Section: Importance Of Fatty Acids To the Fetusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of placental function on fatty acid requirements during pregnancy

Haggarty¹

2004

Eur J Clin Nutr

187

156

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“…The n-3 endproduct DHA reaches levels of up to 40% of total FAs in the phospholipids of these tissues (Bazan, 1989;Widdowson & Dickerson, 1981;Clandinin et al, 1980). In the human, Clandinin et al (1980) have shown signi®cant increases in the AA and DHA content of brain tissue during the last trimester of gestation. More recently Martinez (1992), using improved methodology, has provided complementary data on retinal and brain accretion of LCEFA.…”

Section: Basis For Nutritional Essentiality Of Efas and Derivativesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Essential fatty acids as determinants of lipid requirements in infants, children and adults

1999

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“…DHA, in particular, increases markedly during brain growth. Accretion of these fatty acids also continues postnatally in human brain tissue (Clandinin et al, 1980). After birth, preterm infants are deprived of intrauterine essential fatty acid supply from placental and maternal origins (Hornstra, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preterm infant formula supplementation with α linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid

Rodriguez¹,

Raederstorff

Sarda

et al. 2003

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objective: To investigate if supplementation of preterm infant formula with a high docosahexaenoic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid (DHA/EPA) ratio together with a-linolenic acid (ALA) was able to maintain plasma and red blood cell DHA levels similar to that obtained with breast milk feeding without altering n-6 fatty acid status. Design and subjects: Preterm infants of mothers who elected not to breast feed (n ¼ 13) were assigned to ALA-and DHAenriched formula (DHA group: DHA/EPA ¼ 5/l). Infants fed breast milk (n ¼ 25) constituted a reference group (BM group). Anthropometric and fatty acid parameters (plasma phospholipids, cholesterol esters, triglycerides and red blood cell phosphatidylethanolamine, PL, CE, TG, RBC-PE, respectively) were obtained after 2 days (D2) and 15 days (D15) of enteral feeding and at the 37th week (W37) of post-conception age and 1 month later (W37+30) in the DHA group. Mean DHA intake ranged between 16.571.6 and 17.972.9 mg/kg/day between D2 and W37+30. Results: At W37, infant weights, heights, and head circumferences were similar in DHA and BM groups. PL DHA was maintained in the DHA group at the same level as in the BM group and the same for DHA in PE at W37. In RBC-PE and at W37, AA status was the same in both groups. In PL, AA levels remained very stable throughout the study; however, in the DHA group AA levels in PL remained in the range observed with standard formulas. Conclusion: The combined 18:3 n-3 and DHA supplementation of infant formula with DHA/EPA ratio 5/l is compatible with growth and n-3 fatty acid metabolism similar to that of preterm infants fed human milk.

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Intrauterine fatty acid accretion rates in human brain: implications for fatty acid requirements

Cited by 715 publications

References 15 publications

Effect of placental function on fatty acid requirements during pregnancy

Effect of placental function on fatty acid requirements during pregnancy

Essential fatty acids as determinants of lipid requirements in infants, children and adults

Preterm infant formula supplementation with α linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid

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