Intravenous Chelated Gadolinium as a Contrast Agent in NMR Imaging of Cerebral Tumours

Distribution and clearance of retained gadolinium in the brain: differences between linear and macrocyclic gadolinium based contrast agents in a mouse model

“…1,2 In the field of neuroradiology, GBCAs are particularly useful for detecting aggressive or metastatic brain tumours and vascular lesions. 3,4 However, recent studies demonstrated gadolinium (Gd) retention in the brain after multiple GBCA administrations. [5][6][7][8][9] GBCAs are generally divided into two groups: linear GBCAs and macrocyclic GBCAs, based on the chemical structures of the chelate that determines the stability of GBCAs (Figure 1).…”

Synthesis of Water Soluble Spin Labeled Glucose Derivatives as Potential NMR Contrast Enhancing Agents

“…The well-recognized proton relaxation enhancement observed with even small am ounts of paramagnetic substances led to the introduction of paramagnetic pharmaceutical agents in living sys tems to deliberately alter tissue relaxation behaviors and tissue contrast on MR images [6][7][8][9]. These manipulations of tissue relaxation phenom enon, first tested in animals, are now being extended to patients in clinical trials [10,11]. Although the lanthanide cations, in particular, gadolinium and the transition metal cations, such a chromium, manganese, and iron provide marked proton relaxation enhancem ent in aqueous solutions, the use of these cations in clini cal practice is limited by their prolonged retention in living subjects and their recognized side effects, vari ably including bone marrow depression, myocardial damage, and renal failure [12].…”

“…Compounds 7,11,14,17,23,26,29,32,33 and 36 were water soluble and amenable to m easurem ents of their effects on the Tj and T 2 relaxation times of water and human plasma. The relaxation times T] and T2 of water and human plasma in the presence of these compounds were substantially shorter than those in the absence of these com pounds (Table I).…”

T1 and T2 relaxation times on gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid enhanced magnetic resonance images of brain tumors.

“…The mechanism of the enhancement was suggested that the injected Gd-DTPA diffuses to the interstitial tissue of brain tumor through the destroyed blood-brain barrier, then the accumulated Gd-DTPA in the tumor tissue shortens the proton T1 and T2 (Carr et al 1984;Felix et al 1985;Graif et al 1985).…”

“…A paramagnetic contrast agent, gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA), has successfully increased the sensitivity for detection of cerebral abnormalities in magnetic resonance (MR) images, and given the characterization of pathologic conditions (Carr et al 1984;Felix et al 1985; Graif et al 1985). According to the clinical use of the contrast agent for the enhancement in MR images, quantitative analysis is desirable to consider the relation between Gd-DTPA enhancement and patho-physiologic tissue characteristics (Graif et al 1985).…”