Intravenous contrast medium extravasation: systematic review and updated ESUR Contrast Media Safety Committee Guidelines

Abstract

Need for a review Guidelines for management and prevention of contrast media extravasation have not been updated recently. In view of emerging research and changing working practices, this review aims to inform update on the current guidelines. Areas covered In this paper, we review the literature pertaining to the pathophysiology, diagnosis, risk factors and treatments of contrast media extravasation. A suggested protocol and guidelines are recommended based upon the available literature. Key Points • Risk of extravasation is dependent on scanning technique and patient risk factors. • Diagnosis is mostly clinical, and outcomes are mostly favourable. • Referral to surgery should be based on clinical severity rather than extravasated volume.

Peripheral Venous Puncture and Contrast in Radiological Exams: Social Representations Anchored in Neuman’s Stressors

“…Evidence points to user perception of content related to imaging exams, such as prior preparation, venipuncture and their impressions of discomfort, environment description, devices used in the examination, body positioning and the need to remain still during the procedure 22 . These are implicit normative conditions 16 in the successful performance of radiological exams and, because they are reified contents, they need to be addressed by professionals in simple language, understandable by the people undergoing the examination 1 .…”

“…The MRI equipment noise, the controlled environment with the need to comply with measures in relation to radiological protection and safety in the MRI environment, in addition to the recommendation to restrict movement during the examination, they are unavoidable transpersonal stressors to the examination 1 . Therefore, it is up to nurses to sensitize users before and after the examination, aiming at the adoption of healthy coping strategies and behaviors of collaboration and understanding of what they will experience in the examination 14 .…”

“…Technological advances in radiological examinations, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT), add precision to diagnoses and therapeutic interventions, contributing to survival and increased life expectancy in the population 1 . In situations where precise and conclusive images are required, contrast media administration by different routes is indicated, with the intravascular (IV) route being the most used 2 .…”

Punção Venosa Periférica E Contraste Nos Exames Radiológicos: Representações Sociais Ancoradas Nos Estressores De Neuman

“…Evidências apontam a percepção dos usuários de conteúdos relacionados aos exames de imagem, como o preparo prévio, a punção venosa e suas impressões de desconforto, a descrição do ambiente, os aparelhos usados no exame, o posicionamento corporal e a necessidade de permanecer imóvel durante o procedimento 22 . Estas são condições normativas implícitas 16 na realização exitosa de exames radiológicos e, por se tratar de conteúdos reificados, necessitam ser abordados pelos profissionais em linguagem simples, compreensível pela pessoa submetida ao exame 1 .…”

“…Avanços tecnológicos nos exames radiológicos, como, por exemplo, Ressonância Magnética (RM) e Tomografia Computadorizada (TC), agregam precisão aos diagnósticos e às intervenções terapêuticas, contribuindo para a sobrevida e o aumento da expectativa de vida populacional 1 . Nas situações em que são necessárias imagens precisas e conclusivas, é indicada a administração de meios de contraste, por diferentes vias, sendo a via intravascular (IV) a mais utilizada 2 .…”