Intravenous Hypertonic Saline Solution (7.5%) and Oral Electrolytes to Treat of Calves with Noninfectious Diarrhea and Metabolic Acidosis

Leal, Marta L.R.; Fialho, Sérgio Silva; Cyrillo, Fernanda Cavallini; Bertagnon, Heloisa Godoi; Ortolani, Enrico Lippi; Benesi, Fernando José

doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00960.x

Cited by 28 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In recent years, hypertonic rehydration strategies consisting of administration of small volumes of hypertonic (7.2 or 7.5%) sodium chloride with or without dextran in combination with oral electrolyte solutions have been evaluated as an alternative to traditional isotonic IV fluid administration or oral rehydration in dehydrated neonatal diarrheic calves 18, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52. Some of those studies49, 50, 52 reported a similar or even better treatment success of hypertonic rehydration when compared to IV administration of different amounts of isotonic fluids.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Intravenous Small‐Volume Hypertonic Sodium Bicarbonate, Sodium Chloride, and Glucose Solutions in Decreasing Plasma Potassium Concentration in Hyperkalemic Neonatal Calves with Diarrhea

Trefz

Constable

Lorenz

2017

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundHyperkalemia is a frequently observed electrolyte imbalance in dehydrated neonatal diarrheic calves that can result in skeletal muscle weakness and life‐threatening cardiac conduction abnormalities and arrhythmias.HypothesisIntravenous administration of a small‐volume hypertonic NaHCO3 solution is clinically more effective in decreasing the plasma potassium concentration (cK) in hyperkalemic diarrheic calves than hypertonic NaCl or glucose solutions.AnimalsTwenty‐two neonatal diarrheic calves with cK >5.8 mmol/L.MethodsProspective randomized clinical trial. Calves randomly received either 8.4% NaHCO3 (6.4 mL/kg BW; n = 7), 7.5% NaCl (5 mL/kg BW; n = 8), or 46.2% glucose (5 mL/kg BW; n = 7) IV over 5 minutes and were subsequently allowed to suckle 2 L of an electrolyte solution. Infusions with NaHCO3 and NaCl provided an identical sodium load of 6.4 mmol/kg BW.ResultsHypertonic NaHCO3 infusions produced an immediate and sustained decrease in plasma cK. Hypertonic glucose infusions resulted in marked hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, but cK remained unchanged for 20 minutes. Between 30 and 120 minutes after initiation of treatment, the most marked decrements in cK from baseline occurred in group NaHCO3, which were significantly (P < .05) larger during this period of time than in calves in group NaCl, but not group glucose. After 120 minutes, the mean decrease in cK from baseline was −26 ± 10%, −9 ± 8%, and −22 ± 6% in groups NaHCO3, NaCl, and glucose, respectively.Conclusions/Clinical ImportanceSmall‐volume hypertonic NaHCO3 infusions appear to have clinical advantages for the rapid resuscitation of hyperkalemic diarrheic calves, compared to hypertonic NaCl or glucose solutions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Intravenous Small‐Volume Hypertonic Sodium Bicarbonate, Sodium Chloride, and Glucose Solutions in Decreasing Plasma Potassium Concentration in Hyperkalemic Neonatal Calves with Diarrhea

Trefz

Constable

Lorenz

2017

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…The OES used at the Universidade Estadual de Londrina for rehydration of suckling calves is prepared with the following mixture: 3.5g of NaCl, 1.5g of KCl, 5g of sodium acetate, and 20g of anhydrous D-glucose, diluted in 1L of water. This ensures 100mEq L -1 of Na The effectiveness of non-commercial OES has been tested, in Brazil, to correct dehydration in calves due to induced osmotic diarrhea (FERREIRA, 2001;LEAL et al, 2012) and naturally acquired diarrhea (FREITAS, 2013). Solutions used by these researchers contain basically the same components of commercially available solutions.…”

Section: Oral Electrolyte Solutions In Brazilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enteral fluid therapy in neonatal calves and features of commercially available electrolyte solutions in Brazil

et al. 2017

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INTRODUCTIONThe fluid therapy is indicated for the treatment of diseases that determine dehydration and electrolyte and acid base imbalances and is; therefore, commonly used in ruminants medicine, especially in calves. The goals of the replacement of fluids and electrolytes are the correction of present imbalances, the restoration of blood volume and adequate tissue perfusion and the treatment of shock in animals (CONSTABLE, 2003).Fluid and electrolyte replacement can be performed by enteral hydration (EH) or by intravenous infusion (IV). The EH has advantages over IV and should be the modality of choice whenever possible (BERCHTOLD, 2009). It is easier and cheaper, and should be considered equally effective, whenever the gastrointestinal transit is present and dehydration is not marked (CONSTABLE, 2003).Diarrhea is the main disease that affects neonatal calves and can cause mortality due to the imbalances that are installed (SMITH, 2009). Economic losses are related to the death and to additional costs with drugs, labor and veterinary care. When animals survive, the losses occur due to low performance and reduction in the daily body weight gain (MILLEMANN, 2009).In the treatment of diarrheic calves the therapy with oral electrolyte solutions (OES) is the most important measure. The goal is to correct the dehydration, to reverse the hyponatremia and the CLINIC AND SURGERY

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“…In previous studies, the acid-base balance of calves was determined using the Stewart approach (Gomez et al 2013, Trefz et al 2013) after administration of oral rehydration therapy (Leal et al 2012, Kirchner et al 2014), intravenous fluid therapy or alkalizing agents , Berchtold 2009, Leal et al 2012 in case of acute diarrhea. To the best of our knowledge none of the previous studies analyze the acid-base balance disorders in calves with chronic diarrhea.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acid-base disorders in calves with chronic diarrhea

Bednarski¹,

Kupczyński²,

Sobiech³

2015

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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The aim of this study was to analyze disorders of acid-base balance in calves with chronic diarrhea caused by mixed, viral, bacterial and Cryptosporydium parvum infection. We compared results obtained with the classic model (Henderson-Hasselbalch) and strong ion approach (the Steward model). The study included 36 calves aged between 14 and 21 days. The calves were allocated to three groups: I -(control) non-diarrheic calves, group II -animals with compensated acid-base imbalance and group III calves with compensated acid-base disorders and hypoalbuminemia. Plasma concentrations of Na, P, albumin and lactate were measured. In the classic model, acid-base balance was determined on the basis of blood pH, pCO 2 , HCO 3 -, BE and anion gap. In the strong ion model, strong ion difference (SID), effective strong anion difference, total plasma concentration of nonvolatile buffers (A Tot ) and strong ion gap (SIG) were measured.The control calves and the animals from groups II and III did not differ significantly in terms of their blood pH. The plasma concentration of HCO 3 -, BE and partial pressure of CO2 in animals from the two groups with chronic diarrhea were significantly higher than those found in the controls. The highest BE (6.03 mmol/l) was documented in calves from group II. The animals from this group presented compensation resulted from activation of metabolic mechanisms. The calves with hypoalbuminemia (group III) showed lower plasma concentrations of albumin (15.37 g/L), Cl -(74.94 mmol/L), Mg 2+ (0.53 mmol/L), P (1.41 mmol/L) and higher value of anion gap (39.03 mmol/L). This group III presented significantly higher SID 3 (71.89 mmol/L), SID 7 (72.92 mmol/L) and SIG (43.53 mmol/L) values than animals from the remaining groups (P<0.01), whereas A Tot (6.82 mmol/L) were significantly lower. The main finding of the correlation study was the excellent relationship between the AG corr and SID 3 , SID 7 , SIG. In conclusion, chronic diarrhea leads to numerous water-electrolyte disorders. Characterization of acid-base disturbance in these cases suggests that classic model have some limitations. This model can not be recommended for use whenever serum albumin or phosphate concentrations are markedly abnormal.

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Intravenous Hypertonic Saline Solution (7.5%) and Oral Electrolytes to Treat of Calves with Noninfectious Diarrhea and Metabolic Acidosis

Cited by 28 publications

References 22 publications

Effect of Intravenous Small‐Volume Hypertonic Sodium Bicarbonate, Sodium Chloride, and Glucose Solutions in Decreasing Plasma Potassium Concentration in Hyperkalemic Neonatal Calves with Diarrhea

Effect of Intravenous Small‐Volume Hypertonic Sodium Bicarbonate, Sodium Chloride, and Glucose Solutions in Decreasing Plasma Potassium Concentration in Hyperkalemic Neonatal Calves with Diarrhea

Enteral fluid therapy in neonatal calves and features of commercially available electrolyte solutions in Brazil

Acid-base disorders in calves with chronic diarrhea

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