Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Combination With Mechanical Thrombectomy: Clot Migration, Intracranial Bleeding, and the Impact of “Drip and Ship” on Effectiveness and Outcomes

Abstract

Purpose: Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is indicated prior to mechanical thrombectomy (MT) to treat large vessel occlusion (LVO). However, administration takes time, and rates of clot migration complicating successful retrieval and hemorrhagic transformation may be higher. Given time-to-effectiveness, the benefit of tPA may vary significantly based on whether administration occurs at a thrombectomy-capable center or transferring hospital.Methods: We prospectively evaluated 170 individuals with LVO involving the anterior circulation who underwent MT at our Comprehensive Stroke Center over a 3.5 year period. Two thirds (n = 114) of patients were admitted through our Emergency Department (ED). The other 33% were transferred from outside hospitals (OSH). Patients meeting criteria were bridged with IV tPA; the others were treated with MT alone. Clot migration, recanalization times, TICI scores, and hemorrhage rates were compared for those bridged vs. treated with MT alone, along with modified Rankin scores (mRS) at discharge and 90-day follow-up. Multivariable regression was used to determine the relationship between site of presentation and effect of tPA on outcomes.Results: Patients presenting to an OSH had longer mean discovery to puncture/recanalization times, but were actually more likely to receive IV tPA prior to MT (70 vs. 42%). The rate of clot migration was low (11%) and similar between groups, though slightly higher for those receiving IV tPA. There was no difference in symptomatic ICH rate after tPA. TICI scores were also not significantly different; however, more patients achieved TICI 2b or higher reperfusion (83 vs. 67%, p = 0.027) after tPA, and TICI 0 reperfusion was seen almost exclusively in patients who were not treated with tPA. Those bridged at an OSH required fewer passes before successful recanalization (2.4 vs. 1.6, p = 0.037). Overall, mean mRS scores on discharge and at 90 days were significantly better for those receiving IV tPA (3.9 vs. 4.6, 3.4 vs. 4.4 respectively, p ~ 0.01) and differences persisted when comparing only patients recanalized in under 6 h.Conclusion: Independent of site of presentation, IV tPA before MT appears to lead to better radiographic outcomes, without increased rates of clot migration or higher intracranial hemorrhage risk, and overall better functional outcomes.

Effect of Occlusion Site on the Safety and Efficacy of Intravenous Alteplase Before Endovascular Thrombectomy: A Prespecified Subgroup Analysis of DIRECT-MT

“…10–15 However, results from observational studies were equivocal, with some supporting administrating alteplase before thrombectomy for more distal occlusions, 10–12,14–17 while no such benefit was seen in others. 13,16,18–20…”

IV Thrombolysis Initiated Before Transfer for Endovascular Stroke Thrombectomy

“…Characteristics of the studies that were eligible for the meta-analysis are presented in Table 1. [14][15][16][17][18][19] The mean age of included patients was 71 years, while 51% were women. The mean onset-to-groin puncture time did not differ between the pooled groups of patients receiving IV thrombolysis and those treated with EVT alone (mean difference: −19.93 minutes, 95% CI −115.89 to 76.04; eFigure 2).…”

Prediction of Poor Outcome after Successful Thrombectomy in Patients with Severe Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Pilot Retrospective Study

“…Chang et al demonstrated that using IV tPA prior to MT improves functional outcomes [ 44 ]. However, their sample also included patients who were unable to be successfully revascularized following MT.…”