Intravenously and Topically Applied Magnesium in the Prevention of Arterial Thrombosis☆

Magnesium as a predictor of acute stent thrombosis in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction who underwent primary angioplasty

“…Low Mg levels were shown to inhibit endothelial proliferation and migration, and upregulate the expression of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, vascular cell adhesion molecule, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, thereby producing a proinflammatory, prothrombotic, and proatherogenic environment [23]. In addition, Mg is a well-known calcium blocker [24], and calcium plays significant roles both in platelet activation and in the coagulation cascade [25]. Magnesium exerts its platelet-inhibitory effect by reducing calcium mobilization in platelets and it may also suppress fibrinogen interaction with platelets by competitive inhibition of calcium at the calcium-binding sites of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex [26].…”

Local application of FFR-rFVIIa reduces thrombus formation at arterial anastomosis in rats

“…2,18 In an attempt to reduce the incidence of vascular thrombosis, a variety of agents have been used in either experimental 1,[3][4][5][6][10][11][12][13]16 or clinical microvascular surgery. 2 Salemark 2 listed the most frequently used antithrombotic agents: preoperatively, aspirin was used most often; intraoperatively, heparin and dex- tran were widely used; and postoperatively, aspirin or dextran (separately or in combination) were the most common agents.…”

“…At restoration of the blood flow, the formed flap exposes subendothelial tissue and stimulates thrombus formation. 1,3,4,15,17 Thirty minutes after clamp application, the distal vascular clamp was removed. Sixty seconds later, the proximal clamp was also removed.…”

“…Heparin-saline is often used topically during microvascular procedures. 2 However, other antithrombotic drugs, including magnesium, 3,4 aspirin, and tissue factor (TF) pathway inhibitor, 5 have been evaluated in animal models of microvascular surgery. An overview of antithrombotic agents in animal experiments was reported by Cooley and Gould.…”

“…13 In our laboratory, we are working with an in vivo microvascular arterial thrombosis model in rats. 3,4,[14][15][16] Thrombosis is induced by performing a thrombogenic lesion in the femoral artery. The nonocclusive thrombus formation is observed continuously using a video camera attached to the surgical microscope.…”