Intrinsic and extrinsic predictors of video-gaming behaviour and adolescent bedtimes: the relationship between flow states, self-perceived risk-taking, device accessibility, parental regulation of media and bedtime

Smith, L; Gradisar, Michael; King, Daniel L.; Short, Michelle A.

doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2016.01.009

Cited by 35 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…Although the findings from the present laboratory study concur with our previous survey findings 23 , replication of these studies is nevertheless needed in order to raise confidence in the notion that high flow states during videogaming lead to later bedtimes.…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…However, emerging research 14,15 suggests individual difference factors (e.g., risk-taking, gamer experience) may play an important role in influencing the relationship between videogaming and sleep during adolescence, but that these are under-investigated 14 . We have previously identified a new factor, flow, which showed in a survey of 422 adolescents that greater trait flow was related to longer videogame duration and later bedtimes 23 . In the present laboratory study, there was evidence that trait flow, was again, linked to later self-selected bedtimes (as was state flow), which, due to its possible mechanism of time distortion [25][26][27][28] may impact negatively on sleep subsequent to videogaming.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When a median split was applied to GEQ-F (trait) data (i.e., low vs high trait flow), an independent samples t-test showed no differences in bedtimes in the easy condition (low trait = 11:20 PM ± 104.0min; high = 11:56 ± 81.5min), t(13)=1. 23 Figure 2 about here >…”

Section: Visual Analogue Scalesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…'Flow' has been identified as a key intrinsic factor influencing the duration of videogaming and the time at which adolescents choose to go to bed 23 . Flow is defined as a psychological state whereby an individual experiences flowing "from one moment to the next, in which he is in control of his actions, and in which there is a little distinction between self and environment, between stimulus and response, between past, present, and future" (Csikszentmihalyi, Larson, & Prescott, 1977, p.34) 24 .…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanisms influencing older adolescents' bedtimes during videogaming: the roles of game difficulty and flow

et al. 2017

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A relationship between evening technology use and sleep has been established, and models suggest various mechanisms to explain this relationship. Recent updates to these models also suggest the influence of individual difference factors, such that the relationship between technology and sleep varies between young people. Flow is an experience of immersion and time distortion that could vary between adolescents when using technology. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of flow on the self-selected bedtimes of adolescents when videogaming. Seventeen older adolescent, experienced videogamers (age = 15.9 ± 0.83 years), played a new videogame on two school-night evenings in a sleep laboratory. Game difficulty was set to "hard" one evening (flow condition) and "easy" on the other evening (disrupted flow). Trait and state flow were measured, along with heart rate during videogaming, and bedtime measured objectively with real-time cameras. An interaction effect for heart rate indicated an elevated heart rate in the easy condition after 150 min of gaming (p < 0.02). No significant differences were found in bedtimes between the easy and hard conditions (p = 0.77). Adolescents high on trait flow played for longer and selected significantly later bedtimes than their low trait flow peers but only for the hard (flow) condition (12:22 AM vs. 10:53 PM, p = 0.004). Similarly, adolescents with high state flow went to bed significantly later than those low on state flow (12:24 PM vs. 10:52 PM, p = 0.001), again only in the hard condition. These findings suggest that individual and situational characteristics may amplify the effects of technology use on the "sleep" of adolescents and provides support for the displacement of bedtime hypothesis.

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Section: Accepted Manuscriptsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Visual Analogue Scalesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanisms influencing older adolescents' bedtimes during videogaming: the roles of game difficulty and flow

et al. 2017

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“…For social media or smartphones, there is virtually no research differentiating between the various activities done on the screen or active vs. passive usage of a social networking site. Fourth, we found only two studies that have examined the role of media engagement in predicting the effects on sleep: Smith, Gradisar, King, and Short (2017) demonstrated that increased flow significantly predicted bedtime delay among gamers and Woods and Scott (2016) found that those who were more emotionally invested in social media use experienced poorer sleep quality. It would be interesting to study the association between arousal originating from increased investment in media use (i.e., flow, transportation, fear of missing out), and presleep arousal.…”

Section: Improving Measurement Of Media Usementioning

confidence: 91%

Sleep Research: A Primer for Media Scholars

Exelmans

Bulck

2018

Health Communication

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The average amount of sleep people of all ages get has declined sharply in the past 50 years. The detrimental health effects of sleep deprivation are well documented and substantial. Even though electronic media use often takes place in the hours before sleep, the extent to which media use may interact with sleep is understudied and not well understood. Communication scholars are well positioned to contribute to this area, as a systematic, theoretical understanding of the relationship between media and sleep is still lacking. This primer charts the state of knowledge on electronic media and sleep and explores possible next steps. First, we introduce the problem of sleep deprivation and describe the basic science of sleep with relevant terminology. Then, we review the research on electronic media and sleep and offer an agenda for research.

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Media Use and Sleep

Exelmans

2020

The International Encyclopedia of Media Psychology

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Statistics show that sleep has become a problematic health issue, with significant proportions of the population coping with insufficient sleep, having trouble falling asleep, or suffering from clinical sleep disturbances. One of the factors contributing to the sleep loss epidemic appears to be electronic media use. Increases in media uses go hand in hand with declines in various sleep outcomes such as later bedtimes, shorter sleep, disturbed sleeping patterns, and increased daytime fatigue. Scholars have become invested in uncovering the underlying mechanisms of this association, and findings have spurred the development of preventative strategies. This entry reviews the most important conclusions in this area of research and highlights next steps for future research.

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Intrinsic and extrinsic predictors of video-gaming behaviour and adolescent bedtimes: the relationship between flow states, self-perceived risk-taking, device accessibility, parental regulation of media and bedtime

Cited by 35 publications

References 50 publications

Mechanisms influencing older adolescents' bedtimes during videogaming: the roles of game difficulty and flow

Mechanisms influencing older adolescents' bedtimes during videogaming: the roles of game difficulty and flow

Sleep Research: A Primer for Media Scholars

Media Use and Sleep

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