Intrinsic Atopic Dermatitis and Extrinsic Atopic Dermatitis: Similarities and Differences

Abstract

In atopic dermatitis (AD), recent research advances have portrayed a complex disease profile based on different subtypes/ phenotypes and underlying molecular mechanisms/endotypes. Extrinsic and intrinsic subdivision is one of the most common types, defined in terms of total serum immune globulin E (IgE) and/or specific IgE to food and environmental allergens. Extrinsic AD is the most common type (80%), with high IgE, impaired skin barrier, as well as high incidence of comorbid atopic diseases, whereas intrinsic AD accounted for 20% of AD, with normal IgE and intact barrier function. Clinical studies have shown that extrinsic AD was a classic Th2-based inflammatory dermatitis, while the intrinsic subtype presented increased Th1/Th17/Th22 but normal Th2 cytokines. Protein sensitization, a classic Th2 response, has been clearly characterized in extrinsic AD, while metal hapten induces intrinsic AD's sensitization, which may be associated with suprabasin deficiency. In this review, we aimed to further expand our knowledge about similarities and differences between these two subtypes, which will expand our capability to further dissect pathophysiology of AD and enable us to develop personalized medicine approaches.

Recent advances on 3D‐bioprinted gelatin methacrylate hydrogels for tissue engineering in wound healing: A review of current applications and future prospects

“…The fusion of 3D bioprinting with biomaterials like GelMA is revolutionizing regenerative medicine and wound healing applications 22,23 . GelMA's versatility and biocompatibility are vital to this progress, leading to the development of tailored wound dressings and scaffolds 4 .…”

“…The fusion of 3D bioprinting with biomaterials like GelMA is revolutionizing regenerative medicine and wound healing applications. 22 , 23 GelMA's versatility and biocompatibility are vital to this progress, leading to the development of tailored wound dressings and scaffolds. 4 Figure 1 demonstrates how GelMA hydrogels support wound healing through cellular interactions, underscoring the advancements in 3D‐printed GelMA hydrogels for these purposes.…”

Advancements in nanoparticle-based therapies for multidrug-resistant candidiasis infections: a comprehensive review

“…body. Candida causes about 20 types of infections [1][2][3][4][5] and is a global concern. Mild infections include athlete's foot, nail fungus, thrush, and vaginal fungal infections [6].…”

Epigenetic Methylation Changes in Pregnant Women: Bisphenol Exposure and Atopic Dermatitis

“…Distinguishing AD subtypes can help understand and improve the etiology, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and management of AD. However, AD is generally known as a Th2-based disease, and the distinction between subtypes is not permanent as intrinsic AD can become extrinsic AD [18].…”