Intrinsic flame retardancy of poly(lactic acid) bead foams

Höhne, Carl‐Christoph; Schmidt, Robert D.; Berner, Valeria; Metzsch‐Zilligen, Elke; Westphal, Erik; Pfaendner, Rudolf; Mack, C.

doi:10.1002/app.50856

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The PLA used is 100% bio-derived and industrial compostable according to UNI EX 13432 up to 2.3 mm, purchased from Total Corbion PLA bv (Gorinchem, The Netherlands). The selected grade is Luminy L175, a PLA homopolymer (> 99 % Lisomer, molecular weight Mw 2.26×10 5 g/mol, polydispersity index PDI 2.184 (Höhne et al, 2021)). Main properties of the chosen PLA and PBSA grades are reported in Table 1.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ternary blends of thermoplastic starch (TPS) with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene succinate- co-adipate) (PBSA): design, processing and characterization of home compostable materials

Gisario

Aversa

Barletta

et al. 2022

Preprint

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This paper studies ternary blends of thermoplastic starch (TPS) with bio-derived polyesters, such as polylactic acid (PLA) and polybutylene succinate-co-adipate (PBSA). The compounds were obtained by means of a co-rotating twin screw extruder and were then reprocessed by cast extrusion and thermoforming in order to obtain, respectively, films and semi-rigid containers. Semi-finished products (compounds and films) and thermoformed products were characterized to evaluate their thermo-mechanical, physical and chemical properties. The films showed good mechanical strength, adequate stiffness / toughness compromise and fair impermeability to oxygen. Furthermore, experimental tests have shown a high disintegration rate of the designed material with considerable mass loss in ambient composting conditions. On the other hand, the thermoformed containers showed inadequate thermal resistance, failing to endure direct contact with hot liquids at 100 ° C.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ternary blends of thermoplastic starch (TPS) with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene succinate- co-adipate) (PBSA): design, processing and characterization of home compostable materials

Gisario

Aversa

Barletta

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…In this approach, the expandable The production of expanded PLA bead foams presents some challenges compared to expanded polystyrene, especially the sintering step to join the foamed PLA beads. Amorphous PLA grades and semi-crystalline PLA grades with a lower melting point (around 150-160 • C) can be used to produce bead foam parts by sintering, contrary to PLA grades with a high melting point (around 170-180 • C), which can be pre-foamed but the foamed beads cannot be thermally sintered due to the high melting point [197]. Bead foams of semi-crystalline PLA grades are generally more difficult to sinter, compared to bead foams of amorphous PLA grades, because semi-crystalline regions hamper the melting process and consequently hinder the sintering of the foamed beads [197].…”

Section: Bead Foamingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Amorphous PLA grades and semi-crystalline PLA grades with a lower melting point (around 150-160 • C) can be used to produce bead foam parts by sintering, contrary to PLA grades with a high melting point (around 170-180 • C), which can be pre-foamed but the foamed beads cannot be thermally sintered due to the high melting point [197]. Bead foams of semi-crystalline PLA grades are generally more difficult to sinter, compared to bead foams of amorphous PLA grades, because semi-crystalline regions hamper the melting process and consequently hinder the sintering of the foamed beads [197]. Some strategies were developed to improve the sintering of expanded PLA beads, namely the use of expanded PLA beads with a double-crystal melting peak structure (i.e., the crystals with a high melting temperature and crystals with a low melting temperature) [198].…”

Section: Bead Foamingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forefront Research of Foaming Strategies on Biodegradable Polymers and Their Composites by Thermal or Melt-Based Processing Technologies: Advances and Perspectives

Gonçalves,

Reis,

Fernandes

2024

Polymers

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The last few decades have witnessed significant advances in the development of polymeric-based foam materials. These materials find several practical applications in our daily lives due to their characteristic properties such as low density, thermal insulation, and porosity, which are important in packaging, in building construction, and in biomedical applications, respectively. The first foams with practical applications used polymeric materials of petrochemical origin. However, due to growing environmental concerns, considerable efforts have been made to replace some of these materials with biodegradable polymers. Foam processing has evolved greatly in recent years due to improvements in existing techniques, such as the use of supercritical fluids in extrusion foaming and foam injection moulding, as well as the advent or adaptation of existing techniques to produce foams, as in the case of the combination between additive manufacturing and foam technology. The use of supercritical CO2 is especially advantageous in the production of porous structures for biomedical applications, as CO2 is chemically inert and non-toxic; in addition, it allows for an easy tailoring of the pore structure through processing conditions. Biodegradable polymeric materials, despite their enormous advantages over petroleum-based materials, present some difficulties regarding their potential use in foaming, such as poor melt strength, slow crystallization rate, poor processability, low service temperature, low toughness, and high brittleness, which limits their field of application. Several strategies were developed to improve the melt strength, including the change in monomer composition and the use of chemical modifiers and chain extenders to extend the chain length or create a branched molecular structure, to increase the molecular weight and the viscosity of the polymer. The use of additives or fillers is also commonly used, as fillers can improve crystallization kinetics by acting as crystal-nucleating agents. Alternatively, biodegradable polymers can be blended with other biodegradable polymers to combine certain properties and to counteract certain limitations. This work therefore aims to provide the latest advances regarding the foaming of biodegradable polymers. It covers the main foaming techniques and their advances and reviews the uses of biodegradable polymers in foaming, focusing on the chemical changes of polymers that improve their foaming ability. Finally, the challenges as well as the main opportunities presented reinforce the market potential of the biodegradable polymer foam materials.

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“…In the scientific literature, the problems of the CE are increasingly analyzed in various areas where the principles of the CE can be applied [1]. Researchers [2,3] already found a field of interest where clusters are seen as a means to invoke small and medium enterprises (SMEs) [4,5] to be more resource-efficient, environmentally focused, and wasteconscious [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracing Relationship between Cluster’s Performance and Transition to the Circular Economy

2021

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Clusters are defined as geographically close groups of organizations that work together to gain a competitive advantage. Clusters’ shared activities involve knowledge sharing, a common pool of resources, innovations, and cooperation. From a more advanced perspective, clusters can work in industrial symbiosis sharing resources, energy, water, and other products. Tendencies of recent research indicate the growing interest in shifting to an efficient use of resources and sustainable development through the circular economy (CE). Clusters can work as enablers of CE to achieve a competitive advantage. The purpose of this study is to trace the relationships between cluster performance and shifting to the CE indicators. Correlation analysis was used as a method to indicate the relationships between pairs of clusters’ performance and shifting to the CE indicators. The limitations of the research refer to the selection of the indicators as both concepts gain insights, although still debatable. The results show that 16 out of 25 cluster performance indicators were identified that have strong or moderate relationships among pairs while shifting to the CE indicators. These indicators are recommended to be included in observation, benchmarking, or evaluation of the clusters’ activities. They can be significant in monitoring the development of shifting to the CE or in combinations with other research areas.

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Intrinsic flame retardancy of poly(lactic acid) bead foams

Cited by 8 publications

References 20 publications

Ternary blends of thermoplastic starch (TPS) with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene succinate- co-adipate) (PBSA): design, processing and characterization of home compostable materials

Ternary blends of thermoplastic starch (TPS) with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene succinate- co-adipate) (PBSA): design, processing and characterization of home compostable materials

Forefront Research of Foaming Strategies on Biodegradable Polymers and Their Composites by Thermal or Melt-Based Processing Technologies: Advances and Perspectives

Tracing Relationship between Cluster’s Performance and Transition to the Circular Economy

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